Material screening and selection for XENON100

Results of the extensive radioactivity screening campaign to identify materials for the construction of XENON100 are reported. This dark matter search experiment is operated underground at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS), Italy. Several ultra sensitive High Purity Germanium detectors (HPGe) have been used for gamma ray spectrometry. Mass spectrometry has been applied for a few low mass plastic samples. Detailed tables with the radioactive contaminations of all screened samples are presented, together with the implications for XENON100.     

苏里格东区召51-统41井区储层特征及影响因素

苏里格东区召51-统41井区气藏为典型的岩性气藏,主要勘探层位是盒8段、山1段。通过对岩心、铸体薄片、扫描电镜及物性资料的分析,对该区储层岩石学特征、孔隙类型、储层物性及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：该区储层岩石类型主要为岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩;储层为孔隙型储层,孔隙以残余粒间孔、溶蚀孔、晶间孔为主;孔隙结构具有中一小孔喉、分选中等、排驱压力高和主贡献喉道小的特点;同时储层具有低孔、低渗的特点。沉积环境和成岩作用是影响储层物性的主要因素。     

Structure and properties of rare earth silicates with the apatite structure at high pressure

The pressure-induced structural transformation of rare earth, non-stoichiometric silicates, (REE_9.33(SiO₄)₆O₂, RE = La, Ce, Nd, Eu, and Gd) with the apatite structure type, were investigated by X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, far-infrared spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. A pressure-induced degradation of symmetry from P6 ₃ /m to P6 ₃ occurs with increasing pressure. The transition is due to the tilting of SiO₄ tetrahedra and reduced symmetry constraints on one of the O atoms in the tetrahedron. The critical transition pressure increased from ~13 GPa in La_9.33(SiO₄)₆O₂ to ~25 GPa in Gd_9.33(SiO₄)₆O₂ with the decrease in lanthanide cation size. The high-pressure phase shows an unexpectedly low value for the bulk modulus over a narrow pressure range (below ~30 GPa), as compared with the low-pressure phase, especially for the structure with larger rare earth elements. High-pressure studies of alkaline earth-doped samples (Nd₈ A ₂(SiO₄)₆O₂ where A = Ca, Sr) showed that the pressure for the phase transition is mainly related to the size of lanthanides that occupy the large channels along the c axis of the apatite structure type.     

Geons – domain-specific regionalization of space

The design of methods and tools to build adequate representations of complex geographical phenomena in a way that spatial patterns are emphasized is one of the core objectives of GIScience. In this paper, we build on the concept of geons as a strategy to represent and analyze latent spatial phenomena across different geographical scales (local, national, regional) incorporating domain-specific expert knowledge. Focusing on two types, we illustrate and exemplify how geons are generated and explored. So-called composite geons represent functional land-use classes, required for regional planning purposes. They are created via class modeling to translate interpretation schemes from mapping keys. Integrated geons, on the other hand, address abstract, yet policy-relevant phenomena such as societal vulnerability to hazards. They are delineated by regionalizing continuous geospatial data sets representing relevant indicators in a multidimensional variable space. Using the geon approach, we create spatially exhaustive sets of units, scalable to the level of policy intervention, homogenous in their domain-specific response, and independent from any predefined boundaries. From a GIScience perspective, we discuss either type of geons in a semantic hierarchy of geographic information constructs. Despite its validity for decision-making and its transferability across scales and application fields, the delineation of geons requires further methodological research to assess their statistical and conceptual robustness.     

毛乌素沙地南缘半固定沙丘风沙输移物特征

通过连续动态观测,获取毛乌素沙地南缘典型半固定沙丘表面风沙输移物,测量了风沙活动中不同沙丘部位的风蚀深度,并对风沙输移物及其养分进行了初步分析。结果表明:风沙活动期间沙丘顶部的风蚀深度最大,沙丘迎风坡次之,而丘间地的风蚀深度最小;沙丘顶部和迎风坡的输移物以中沙和细沙为主,养分含量较低,丘间地颗粒较细且养分含量较高;土壤养分含量与颗粒大小存在显著的负相关关系。迎风坡和丘顶处在风蚀亚环境而难以被植被固定,进而加速了风蚀过程;丘间地风沙活动较弱,风积物中养分含量较高的细颗粒物质促进了植被的发育,因而减弱了局地风速。     

Seasonal succession of phytoplankton in response to the variation of environmental factors in the Gaolan River, Three Gorges Reservoir, China

To understand the responses of a freshwater ecosystem to the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), phytoplankton was monitored in the tributaries of the TGR area. From August 2010 to July 2011, algal species composition, abundance, chlorophyll a and other environmental parameters were investigated in the Gaolan River, which is a tributary of Xiangxi River. Thirty-one algal genera from seven phyla were identified. Results show that the lowest concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) were 0.06 mg/L and 1.08 mg/L, respectively. The values of TP and TN exceeded the threshold concentration of the eutrophic state suggested for freshwater bodies. In the Gaolan River, the succession of phytoplankton showed clear seasonal characteristics. Different dominant species were observed among seasons under the control of environment factors. In spring and summer, the dominant species were Nitzschia sp. and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs, the limiting nutrient was NO ₃ ^? -N, and the key environmental factor for phytoplankton population succession was water temperature (WT). In autumn and winter, the dominant species were A. flos-aquae and Chlorella sp., the limiting nutrient was PO ₄ ^3? -P, and the key environmental factors were transparency and WT. This study illustrates the influence of physical and chemical factors on phytoplankton seasonal succession in a tributary of TGR since the downstream regions of Xiangxi River and Gaolan River became reservoirs after impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam. We suggest that this activity has significantly affected water quality in the dam area.     

安塞坪桥区延长组长9致密油储层预测及有利区优选

针对安塞坪桥区长9油层组致密油储层难以预测、勘探开发有利区不明确、严重制约勘探开发进程等问题,笔者通过对典型取心井岩相、测井相研究,在确定砂岩沉积微相类型及其空间演化的基础上,对砂岩进行横向追踪对比,准确获取单砂体厚度数据,刻画出单砂体展布特征,并结合生产动态情况,优选出致密油勘探开发有利目标区.研究结果表明,研究区致...     

从风险社会理论视角看全国地震重点监视防御区制度的作用

地震灾害风险是中国社会可能遭遇的重大风险之一,地震灾害产生的社会风险具有显著的风险社会特征,本文从风险社会理论的视角分析了全国地震重点监视防御区制度的作用.文中梳理并整理了全国地震重点监视防御区的概念、确定的过程、全国地震重点监视防御区制度的内涵与建构过程,并以此为基础分析了全国地震重点监视防御区制度对控制我国重大社会风险的作用.本文认为,应在风险社会理论的指导下不断完善全国地震重点监视防御区制度,并将之贯彻到政府改革和社会治理的各个环节.     

甘孜—理塘蛇绿混杂岩带中三叠世洋岛型岩石组合的识别及其构造意义——来自岩石学、地球化学和年代学证据

甘孜—理塘蛇绿混杂岩带为西南"三江"多岛弧系的重要组成部分,为区域上义敦岛弧带与扬子板块间的重要界线。研究区洋岛型岩石组合主要为晶屑熔结凝灰岩、泥晶灰岩,局部夹少量的硅质岩、玄武岩,各端元之间均呈整合接触。对基性火山岩进行详细的岩石地球化学研究表明, SiO_2含量为47.16%～54.30%,TiO_2含量为2.76%～5.66%,MgO含量为5.29%～6.65%,K2O含量介于0.82%～3.66%之间,Na_2O含量在2.52%～3.66%之间变化,属于碱性玄武岩系列。稀土总量∑REE=195.21×10–6～341.81×10–6,(La/Yb)N=11.75～13.62,无明显铕异常,相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th、K和高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf,稀土和微量元素配分模式类似于OIB。基性火山岩微量元素判别表明其形成于洋岛构造环境,岩石成因研究表明其起源于地幔源区而没有遭受明显的陆壳物质混染。晶屑熔结凝灰岩的锆石U-Pb定年结果为(245.1±1.5) Ma,这表明该洋岛型基性火山岩形成时代为中三叠世早期。研究区洋岛型岩石组合的发现丰富了甘孜—理塘蛇绿混杂岩带的研究内容,为区域上甘孜—理塘洋盆中三叠世时期构造演化提供了直接的物质证据。     

土壤温度和湿度对冬小麦田土壤空气 CO2浓度的影响

通过同步观测耕层土壤空气CO2浓度廓线、土壤温度和土壤含水量,主要研究和讨论了华东地区典型稻麦轮作农田旱地阶段的土壤空气CO2浓度的变化规律,及土壤温度和含水量对它的影响.结果表明:麦田土壤空气CO2浓度与植物生长密切相关.土壤空气CO2浓度受土壤温度的影响较为显著,且深层的相关性要明显大于浅层.观测阶段的麦田土壤含水量介于30%和44%之间,与土壤空气CO2浓度有较好的相关性(相关性R2=0.61,统计显著性p＜0.001).土壤空气CO2浓度与土壤含水量呈正相关性的原因可能是:高土壤含水量导致的低充气孔隙度降低了土壤空气CO2扩散速率,从而导致土壤空气CO2聚积,浓度升高.在0～30 cm土层中,上层土壤气体中的CO2向上垂直扩散要比下层土壤快.土壤温度对土壤空气CO2浓度的影响大于土壤含水量.