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941.
Jerome Métral Laurent Charlet Sara Bureau Sukumar Basu Mallik Sudipta Chakraborty Kazi M Ahmed MW Rahman Zhongqi Cheng Alexander van Geen 《Geochemical transactions》2008,9(1):1
Background
The origin of the spatial variability of dissolved As concentrations in shallow aquifers of the Bengal Basin remains poorly understood. To address this, we compare here transects of simultaneously-collected groundwater and aquifer solids perpendicular to the banks of the Hooghly River in Chakdaha, India, and the Old Brahmaputra River in Araihazar, Bangladesh. 相似文献942.
We developed light requirements for eelgrass in the Pacific Northwest, USA, to evaluate the effects of short- and long-term
reductions in irradiance reaching eelgrass, especially related to turbidity and overwater structures. Photosynthesis-irradiance
experiments and depth distribution field studies indicated that eelgrass productivity was maximum at a photosynthetic photon
flux density (PPFD) of about 350–550 μmol quanta m−2 s−1. Winter plants had approximately threefold greater net apparent primary productivity rate at the same irradiance as summer
plants. Growth studies using artificial shading as well as field monitoring of light and eelgrass growth indicated that long-term
survival required at least 3 mol quanta m−2 day−1 on average during spring and summer (i.e., May-September), and that growth was saturated above about 7 mol quanta m−2 day−1. We conclude that non-light-limited growth of eelgrass in the Pacific Northwest requires an average of at least 7 mol quanta
m−2 day−1 during spring and summer and that long-term survival requires a minimum average of 3 mol quanta m−2 day−1. 相似文献
943.
大别山是中国东部中朝大陆板块与扬子大陆板块之间的碰撞造山带。具有薄皮构造的性质。组成两个碰撞大陆之间的滑脱(冲断剪切)带的岩石就是碰撞混杂岩组合。大别山由于剥露较深,仰冲壳楔完全被剥蚀,超高压变质带大面积出露,识别出碰撞混杂岩组合是对大别山进行几何分析的必要步骤。大别山碰撞混杂岩组合可分为南北两部分。北部为条带状片麻岩-超镁铁岩组合,南部为云母斜长片麻岩-榴辉岩组合,这两个组合的大部分都经历过超高压变质作用。它们的共同特点是具有宏观的"碎斑结构"和混杂作用。罗田穹隆是造山过程中早期形成的双冲式背斜,最后在造山晚期因东西向缩短的叠加而形成穹隆。 相似文献
944.
通过对准噶尔盆地中部Ш区块原油或油砂抽提物的饱和烃气相色谱-质谱分析,研究了原油或油砂抽提物中25-降藿烷的分布规律.结果表明,不同井区或同一口井不同深度(层位)的原油25-降藿烷的相对含量存在比较明显的差别,表明其所遭受的生物降解程度有所差异,沿构造带从南到北,同一油层中原油的生物降解程度增强,比如位于构造北部(构造部位相对较高)的永1井、永3井侏罗系原油25-降藿烷丰度较高,表明生物降解比较明显,而位于南部(构造低部位)的永6井白垩系和侏罗系油层中的原油均无明显的生物降解现象;同一口井随深度增大生物降解作用将弱,如永2井浅部白垩系油层的原油降解较严重,而深部西山窑组的原油降解作用则不明显.根据原油生物降解的特征,结合车-莫古隆起调整对研究区油气成藏的影响,讨论了原油生物降解差异分布的成因机制. 相似文献
945.
946.
Autumn Oczkowski Scott Nixon Kelly Henry Peter DiMilla Michael Pilson Stephen Granger Betty Buckley Carol Thornber Richard McKinney Joaquin Chaves 《Estuaries and Coasts》2008,31(1):53-69
Narragansett Bay has been heavily influenced by human activities for more than 200 years. In recent decades, it has been one
of the more intensively fertilized estuaries in the USA, with most of the anthropogenic nutrient load originating from sewage
treatment plants (STP). This will soon change as tertiary treatment upgrades reduce nitrogen (N) loads by about one third
or more during the summer. Before these reductions take place, we sought to characterize the sewage N signature in primary
(macroalgae) and secondary (the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria) producers in the bay using stable isotopes of N (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C). The δ15N signatures of the macroalgae show a clear gradient of approximately 4‰ from north to south, i.e., high to low point source
loading. There is also evidence of a west to east gradient of heavy to light values of δ15N in the bay consistent with circulation patterns and residual flows. The Providence River Estuary, just north of Narragansett
Bay proper, receives 85% of STP inputs to Narragansett Bay, and lower δ15N values in macroalgae there reflected preferential uptake of 14N in this heavily fertilized area. Differences in pH from N stimulated photosynthesis and related shifts in predominance of
dissolved C species may control the observed δ13C signatures. Unlike the macroalgae, the clams were remarkably uniform in both δ15N (13.2 ± 0.54‰ SD) and δ13C (−16.76 ± 0.61‰ SD) throughout the bay, and the δ15N values were 2–5‰ heavier than in clams collected outside the bay. We suggest that this remarkable uniformity reflects a
food source of anthropogenically heavy phytoplankton formed in the upper bay and supported by sewage derived N. We estimate
that approximately half of the N in the clams throughout Narragansett Bay may be from anthropogenic sources. 相似文献
947.
Interactive 3-D computation of fault surfaces using level sets 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Benjamin J. Kadlec Geoffrey A. Dorn Henry M. Tufo David A. Yuen 《Visual Geosciences》2008,13(1):133-138
Deformable implicit surfaces, implemented with level set methods, have demonstrated a great potential in the computational
sciences for applications such as modeling, simulation, and segmentation. They allow implicit handling of complex topologies
deformed by operations where large changes can occur without destroying the level set representation. The use of level set
techniques for the computation and segmentation of plane-like and high positive curvature features is nontrivial. We present
a technique for representing and extracting fault surfaces from 3-D seismic attribute data such that 2-manifolds can be interactively
computed and segmented. We present our approach as an interactive workflow that generates highly accurate fault surfaces. 相似文献
948.
In this contribution, we present a virtual voyage through 3D structures generated by chaotic mixing of magmas and numerical
simulations with the aim to highlight the power of 3D representations in the understanding of this geological phenomenon.
In particular, samples of mixed juveniles from Salina island (Southern Italy) are reconstructed in 3D by serial lapping and
digital montage and numerical simulations are performed by using a 3D chaotic dynamical system. Natural and simulated magma
mixing structures are visualized by using several multimedia tools including animations and “virtual reality” models. It is
shown that magma interaction processes can generate large spatial and temporal compositional heterogeneities in magmatic systems.
The same topological structures are observed in both 3D reconstructed rock samples and chaotic numerical simulations, indicating
that the mixing of magmas is governed by chaotic dynamics. The use of 3D multimedia models gives the opportunity to penetrate
into magma mixing structures and to understand their significance in the context of magma dynamics. Such an approach is very
powerful since multimedia tools can strongly capture the attention of the reader bringing him/her into an interactive and
memorable geological experience.
Electronic supplementary material enclosed: 相似文献
949.
Lutz Nasdala Wolfgang Hofmeister Nicholas Norberg James M. Martinson Fernando Corfu Wolfgang Dörr Sandra L. Kamo Allen K. Kennedy Andreas Kronz Peter W. Reiners Dirk Frei Jan Kosler Yusheng Wan Jens Götze Tobias Häger Alfred Kröner John W. Valley 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2008,32(3):247-265
We introduce and propose zircon M257 as a future reference material for the determination of zircon U‐Pb ages by means of secondary ion mass spectrometry. This light brownish, flawless, cut gemstone specimen from Sri Lanka weighed 5.14 g (25.7 carats). Zircon M257 has TIMS‐determined, mean isotopic ratios (2s uncertainties) of 0.09100 ± 0.00003 for 206pb/238U and 0.7392 ± 0.0003 for 207pb/235U. Its 206pb/238U age is 561.3 ± 0.3 Ma (unweighted mean, uncertainty quoted at the 95% confidence level); the U‐Pb system is concordant within uncertainty of decay constants. Zircon M257 contains ~ 840 μg g?1 U (Th/U ~ 0.27). The material exhibits remarkably low heterogeneity, with a virtual absence of any internal textures even in cathodoluminescence images. The uniform, moderate degree of radiation damage (estimated from the expansion of unit‐cell parameters, broadening of Raman spectral parameters and density) corresponds well, within the “Sri Lankan trends”, with actinide concentrations, U‐Pb age, and the calculated alpha fluence of 1.66 × 1018 g?1. This, and a (U+Th)/He age of 419 ± 9 Ma (2s), enables us to exclude any unusual thermal history or heat treatment, which could potentially have affected the retention of radiogenic Pb. The oxygen isotope ratio of this zircon is 13.9%o VSMOW suggesting a metamorphic genesis in a marble or calc‐silicate skarn. 相似文献
950.
Taeko Shinonaga Helmuth Aigner Dilani Klose Peter Spinder Heinz Fröschl David Donohue 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2008,32(1):93-101
The recommended concentrations of 239Pu, 240Pu and 239+240Pu in reference material IAEA‐315 (marine sediment) were estimated by three analytical methods: isotope dilution thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS), isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and alpha spectrometry. The determination of 239Pu and 240Pu (239+240Pu by alpha spectrometry) was carried out with samples from randomly selected bottles using each method. Plutonium‐238 was also measured by alpha spectrometry. A plutonium‐242 reference material was used as a spike for the quantitative analysis. The influence of 242Pu in the samples was therefore calculated; however, this contribution was less than the range of uncertainty and did not influence the final results. The obtained data were statistically analysed using variance component analysis and paired comparison. The combined standard uncertainties from “method/measurement”, “bottle” and “sub‐sample” were in the order of 3 to 6%. The main contributions to the uncertainty were from the material heterogeneity and from systematic differences between methods. Based on this study with twenty‐seven analyses using 10–14 g sample mass, concentrations of (38 ± 3) Bq kg?1, (28 ± 3) Bq kg?1 and (66 ± 4) Bq kg?1 are proposed as recommended values for 239Pu, 240Pu and 239+240Pu, respectively, and (9.5 ± 0.4) Bq kg?1 for 238Pu as an information value in reference material IAEA‐315. In mass concentration units, these amount to (16.4 ± 1.2) ng kg?1, (3.3 ± 0.4) ng kg?1 and (0.015 ± 0.003) ng kg?1 for 239Pu, 240Pu and 238Pu, respectively. The certified reference materials NIST 4350B and NIST 4354 were also analysed by TIMS for quality assurance of the method used in this study. 相似文献