Hydrological cycle and water balance estimates for the megadune–lake region of the Badain Jaran Desert,China

The hydrology and water balance of megadunes and lakes have been investigated in the Badain Jaran Desert of China. Field observations and analyses of sand layer water content, field capacity, secondary salt content, and grain size reveal 3 types of important natural phenomenon: (a) vegetation bands on the leeward slope of the megadunes reflect the hydrological regime within the sandy vadose zone; (b) seepage, wet sand deposits, and secondary salt deposits indicate the pattern of water movement within the sandy vadose zone; (c) zones of groundwater seeps and descending springs around the lakes reflect the influence of the local topography on the hydrological regime of the megadunes. The seepage exposed on the sloping surface of the megadunes and gravity water contained within the sand layer confirm the occurrence of preferential flow within the vadose zone of the megadunes. Alternating layers of coarse and fine sand create the conditions for the formation of preferential flows. The preferential flows promote movement of water within the sand layer water that leads to deep penetration of water within the megadunes and ultimately to the recharging of groundwater and lake water. Our results indicate that a positive water balance promotes recharge of the megadunes, which depends on the high permeability of the megadune material, the shallow depth of the surface sand layer affected by evaporation, the occurrence of rainfall events exceeding 15 mm, and the sparse vegetation cover. Water balance estimates indicate that the annual water storage of the megadunes is about 7.5 mm, accounting for only 8% of annual precipitation; however, the shallow groundwater per unit area under the megadunes receives only 3.6% of annual precipitation, but it is still able to maintain a dynamic balance of the lake water. From a water budget perspective, the annual water storage in the megadunes is sufficient to serve as a recharge source for lake water, thereby enabling the long‐term persistence of the lakes. Overall, our findings demonstrate that precipitation is a significant component of the hydrological cycle in arid deserts.     

Multiple overpressure systems and their relationship with hydrocarbon accumulation in the Qikou Depression of the Bohai Bay Basin,China

Pressure measurements using drill stem tests and estimates from log data calculation indicate that three vertically stacked regional pressure compartments exist in the Qikou Depression of Bohai Bay Basin, N. China. The compartments comprise hydrostatic, upper weak, and lower overpressure systems. Laterally, overpressure (pressure coefficient > 1.2) occurs in the deeper areas and weakens gradually from the centre to the margin of the depression. The accumulation of oil and gas exhibits the interesting characteristics of oil‐bearing layers above gas‐bearing layers in the Qikou Depression. The pattern can be accounted for by the evolution of overpressure system, the maturity process of the source rock and the main fault activity. In the late Dongying Formation (Ed, 30 Ma), the lower overpressure system began to form shape, and the hydrocarbon sources generated a large volume of oil. However, because there was no migration pathway, the oil only accumulated in the original strata. In the late Guantao Formation (Ng, 12 Ma), the gas was generated, the upper overpressure system formed gradually, and the activity of the main fault gradually increased. Then, the overpressure pushed the early gathered oil to flow from the lower overpressure system into the upper overpressure system. Afterwards, the activity of the main fault decreased again and remains weak until now. Thus, later generated natural gas cannot keep migrating along the main fault and can only accumulate in the lower overpressure system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大别山晓天—磨子潭韧性剪切带主要造岩矿物的变形与应变分析

大别山北缘的晓天—磨子潭韧性剪切带主体发育在北大别片麻岩之上,具有近水平左行剪切的运动学特征;剪切带自中心向外围依次发育超糜棱岩、糜棱岩、初糜棱岩、变形片麻岩(片岩)、围岩,发生变形的主要造岩矿物包括石英、长石、角闪石、云母等。岩石有限应变测量和矿物颗粒形态学优选方位统计显示,随着糜棱岩化程度的加强,主要造岩矿物平均粒径均呈递减变化;矿物长短轴所反映的应变均呈加强的趋势,矿物长轴与X的锐夹角皆逐渐变小;以90°为一个区间统计的矿物长轴定向显示,变形矿物的长轴在钝角区间(顺剪切方向)有优选,以15°为一个区间统计的矿物长轴定向显示,矿物定向存在一定对称性,即在锐夹角区的优选区间和钝夹角区的优选区间互为补角区间。此外,云母矿物的应变在不同样品中均显示最大,其次为石英、角闪石、长石;随着构造岩类型的不同,应变的变化趋势最明显的也是云母,其次为石英,角闪石和长石变化不明显;矿物长轴与X轴夹角的统计表明,云母、角闪石长轴与X轴锐夹角比石英、长石均偏小。矿物的变形还表明,指示剪切带剪切方式最明显的是云母类矿物,尤其是云母鱼构造,是判定运动方向的可靠标志,其次是角闪石,较之斜长石更易形成不对称残斑构造;综合矿物在剪切带中的含量和分布,结构特点,以及对剪切带应变反映的"灵敏性"等方面的因素,石英矿物最能表现剪切带的整体应变状态,是较为理想的应变标志矿物。上述结果表明不同矿物随变形环境的渐变,在粒径、应变、形态学优选等方面具有较统一的变化,即不同变形矿物在反映剪切带的剪切作用方式、应力—应变等特征时是较为一致的;同时不同矿物在上述变化中又表现出区别于其他矿物的各自特点,这反映了矿物自身的晶体结构、结晶形态、力学性质、变形习性等特性。所以,对于研究韧性剪切带而言,针对不同研究内容,要综合不同矿物的变形情况来选取合适的变形矿物及其变形组构来研究,才能得到更准确的结果和更合理的解释。     

博格达山东段苏吉山辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地质地球化学特征及构造意义

苏吉山辉长岩体位于博格达碰撞造山带东段,卡拉麦里蛇绿混杂岩带西南侧,出露面积约1.8 km~2,岩性为石英角闪辉长岩。苏吉山辉长岩体富含普通角闪石(20%)和磁铁矿物,表明原生岩浆富水、高氧逸度特征,岩石化学组成属于拉斑玄武岩系列,岩石弱富集大离子亲石元素Cs、Rb、Ba、Th、U,显著亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和弱亏损Ti,显示源区为受俯冲流体交代改造的岩石圈地幔,应是洋壳俯冲的产物。苏吉山辉长岩体锆石U-Pb年龄为308.1±3.3Ma,早于卡拉麦里混杂岩带内碱性花岗岩侵位,介于博格达裂谷活动期,是裂谷作用由全面伸展向局限伸展转换的标志。苏吉山辉长岩空间上位于古亚洲洋板块沿卡拉麦里蛇绿混杂岩带向准噶尔板块斜向俯冲的前进方向,时间上介于博格达裂谷活动期,地球化学上显示洋壳俯冲的特征,各种事实表明,古亚洲洋沿卡拉麦里碰撞带向准噶尔板块斜向俯冲作用形成撕裂型博格达裂谷,博格达裂谷由伸展机制向伸展-碰撞过渡机制的应力调整导致了苏吉山辉长岩体的侵位。     

华北克拉通乌拉山地区早前寒武纪岩浆作用和变质作用——锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年及岩石地球化学研究

乌拉山地区位于大青山地区西侧,变泥砂质岩石大范围出露,并有一定数量变质岩浆侵入岩存在。本文对6个变质岩浆侵入岩进行了锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年。片麻状闪长岩、片麻状英云闪长岩、片麻状花岗闪长岩和片麻状紫苏花岗岩等4个样品的锆石U-Pb数据点沿谐和线分散分布,n(~(207)Pb)/n(~(206)Pb)年龄从约2.5Ga到约1.8 Ga。变质辉长岩和眼球状石英二长岩锆石U-Pb数据点在谐和线上较集中分布,n(~(207)Pb)/n(~(206)Pb)年龄从约2.0Ga到约1.8 Ga。n(~(207)Pb)/n(~(206)Pb)年龄越小的锆石域通常显示越强烈的重结晶。结合已有研究和地球化学资料,可得出如下结论。(1)乌拉山地区存在新太古代晚期(约2.5 Ga)和古元古代中晚期(约2.0 Ga)岩浆侵入岩,后者形成于伸展构造环境。(2)乌拉山地区遭受新太古代晚期一古元古代早期和古元古代晚期两期构造热事件叠加改造。(3)乌拉山地区部分变泥砂质岩石形成于新太古代晚期,大青山地区原认为形成于古元古代早期的"大青山表壳岩"很可能也形成于新太古代晚期。(4)乌拉山地区和大青山具有类似或相同的早前寒武纪地质演化历史。     

Upper-Tropospheric Environment–Tropical Cyclone Interactions over the Western North Pacific: A Statistical Study

Based on 25-year(1987–2011) tropical cyclone(TC) best track data, a statistical study was carried out to investigate the basic features of upper-tropospheric TC–environment interactions over the western North Pacific. Interaction was defined as the absolute value of eddy momentum flux convergence(EFC) exceeding 10 m s~(-1)d~(-1). Based on this definition, it was found that 18% of all six-hourly TC samples experienced interaction. Extreme interaction cases showed that EFC can reach~120 m s~(-1)d~(-1) during the extratropical-cyclone(EC) stage, an order of magnitude larger than reported in previous studies.Composite analysis showed that positive interactions are characterized by a double-jet flow pattern, rather than the traditional trough pattern, because it is the jets that bring in large EFC from the upper-level environment to the TC center. The role of the outflow jet is also enhanced by relatively low inertial stability, as compared to the inflow jet. Among several environmental factors, it was found that extremely large EFC is usually accompanied by high inertial stability, low SST and strong vertical wind shear(VWS). Thus, the positive effect of EFC is cancelled by their negative effects. Only those samples during the EC stage, whose intensities were less dependent on VWS and the underlying SST, could survive in extremely large EFC environments, or even re-intensify. For classical TCs(not in the EC stage), it was found that environments with a moderate EFC value generally below ~25 m s~(-1)d~(-1) are more favorable for a TC's intensification than those with extremely large EFC.