Sulfur oxides (SOX) emissions embodied in trade (SEET) may play an important role in affecting national responsibilities toward pollutant emission reduction within the context of global greenhouse gas emission policy. This paper analyzes the change of the SEET associated with energy consumption from the perspective of a country and a sector between 1995 and 2011, exploring the evolution characteristic of the sources and flows of the SEET for 39 countries, as well as measuring the production-based and consumption-based global SOX emissions’ inventory and investigating the impact of international trade on the allocation of national pollutant emissions’ reduction obligations. One important finding is that the volume of SOX emissions embodied in global trade increased dramatically from 1995 to 2011, and the global SOX emissions stemming from anthropogenic energy consumption are mostly from China and the USA. Another important finding is that, referring to specific sectors, whether seen from the total SEET or from the sources of SEET or from the total SOX emissions occurring from economic consumption and production, energy sectors, like electricity, gas, and water supply and coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel, are the main contributors to the increase in the global SOX emissions. Notably, however, our results show that the sector of agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing should be allocated more SOX emission reduction responsibilities under a consumption-based emissions’ accounting inventory.
Various X-ray diffraction methods have been applied to study the compression behavior of gibbsite, Al(OH)3, in diamond cells at room temperature. A phase transformation was found to take place above 3 GPa where gibbsite started
to convert to its high-pressure polymorph. The high-pressure (HP) phase is quenchable and coexists with gibbsite at the ambient
conditions after being unloaded. This HP phase was identified as nordstrandite based on the diffraction patterns obtained
at room pressure by angle dispersive and energy dispersive methods. On the basis of this structural interpretation, the bulk
modulus of the two polymorphs, i.e., gibbsite and nordstrandite, could be determined as 85 ± 5 and 70 ± 5 GPa, respectively,
by fitting a Birch-Murnaghan equation to the compression data, assuming their Ko′ as 4. Molar volume cross-over occurs at 2 GPa, above which the molar volume of nordstrandite is smaller than that of gibbsite.
The differences in the molar volume and structure between the two polymorphs are not significant, which accounts for the irreversibility
of the phase transition. In gibbsite, the axial compressibility behaves as c/co>a/ao>b/bo. This is due to the fact that the dioctahedral sheets along the c-axis are held by the relatively weak hydrogen bonding, which results in the greater compressibility along this direction.
In nord- strandite, the axial compressibility is b/bo>c/co>a/ao, which can also be interpreted as resulting from the the existence of hydrogen bonds along the b-axis.
Received: 28 September 1998 / Revised, accepted: 22 December 1998 相似文献
Based on the observed and NCEP reanalysis data from 1985 to 2006,the climate background and synoptic situation of fog at Great Wall Station were analyzed. It is shown that the seasonal variation of fog is controlled by the change of general circulation and local pressure field. Three favorable typical synoptic situations for fog development are found, the Front-of-A-Depression type, the Saddle-Shaped-Field type and the Passing-Weak-Cyclone type. The first one is the most important situation. Advection cooling fog is dominant at Great Wall Station, but there are other kinds of fog as well. As a result, some helpful principles for local fog forecasting are given. 相似文献
Recent studies have suggested that large rivers play important roles in mobilizing and transporting black carbon (BC) from land to the ocean. However, the influence of the Changjiang and Huanghe, the two largest rivers in China, on the fate of BC has not been determined. In this paper, we present measurements of BC in both the dissolved and particulate phases in the Changjiang and Huanghe Rivers and in the coastal waters of the East China Sea (ECS). Our results show that dissolved black carbon (DBC) accounted for 3.0 ± 0.4 % and 4.8 ± 3.6 % of the total DOC pool in the Changjiang and Huanghe Rivers and 3.4 ± 0.6 % of the DOC pool in the coast of the ECS. In addition, particulate black carbon (PBC) accounted for 13 ± 0.9 % and 22 ± 11 % of the POC pool in the Changjiang and Huanghe Rivers, respectively. We calculate that the Changjiang and Huanghe transported 4.7 × 1010 gC and 1.7 × 109 gC of DBC, and 2.0 × 1011 gC and 1.2 × 1010 gC of PBC to the ECS and Bohai Sea in 2015. The large amounts of BC transported by the two rivers represent a major sink of anthropogenically derived organic carbon and could have a significant impact on the ecosystem and carbon cycling in China’s marginal seas. 相似文献
Abstract: 3–D velocity images of the crust beneath the northern margin of the North China Plate have been constructed using P-wave travel time residuals of the latest earthquakes, with the data supplied by Chinese seismic networks. The seismic image results indicate that there is a lateral heterogeneity in the crust beneath the northern part of the North China block. The velocity images of the upper crust show features closely related to the tectonic features on the surface. It can be seen from these velocity images of the vertical sections, and from the horizontal slice images at depths of 11 and 16 km that there exist East-West and North-East structures. The images indicate that the juncture zone of basin–and–range terrain is between the blue-colored high–velocity block corresponding to the Yanshan mountain range that developed during the Yanshan period in northwest Beijing and the green low-velocity area corresponding to the North China basin in southeast Beijing (Fig. 5). The juncture zone between high-velocity and low–velocity, and EW and NE fault zones have significant ore-control effects. From the chart of epicenters in the northern region of North China, we find that the epicenters of earthquakes are almost entirely distributed within the NE strip. Almost all major earthquakes took place in the transition strip between the high and low-velocity zones in the crust. The distribution of epicenters also reflects the strikes of known NE–faults. From the image sections along the latitude, we find that in the area between 114.0 E –118.0 E , there is a blue high-velocity block standing upright from the Moho to the upper crust (Fig. 6), from which can be deduced that some materials such as magma moved upward from the upper mantle during the history of its geological development. 相似文献