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91.
On 7 September 1999 the Athens Metropolitan area (Greece) was hit by a moderate size (Ms = 5.9) earthquake. The severely damaged area is localized in the northwestern suburbs of the city, at the foothills of Mt. Parnitha (38.1°N, 23.6°E), about 18 km from the historic centre of Athens. In this paper, we present our results on the surface expression of the seismogenic structure. Methods applied were: field observations, geological mapping, fault geometry and kinematics, evaluation of macroseismic data, interpretation of LANDSAT images, construction of a DEM and application of shading techniques. Aftershock distribution and fault plane solutions were also considered. Our results suggest that the earthquake source is located within the NW-SE trending valley bearing a few outcrops of Neogene-Quaternary sediments across the south foothills of Mt. Parnitha, never known in the past to have been activated by such strong earthquakes. The earthquake occurred along a 10 km long normal fault, striking N110°–133° and dipping 64°–85°SW, extending from the Fili Fort (4th century BC) in the NNW to the Fili town and then to Ano Liossia, to the SSE. Tensional stress field with 3 axis almost horizontal striking NNE-NE prevails in the area. The fault strike and the extensional direction (3) are compatible with the focal mechanism of the main shock. 相似文献
92.
After a repose time of several years, intense, shallow seismic activity started at the end of 1995 in the volcanic region of Nisyros island. By the end of October 1997, hundreds of shocks had been recorded, the largest one being that of 27 August 1997 with Ms = 5.3. The activity is highly clustered in space and time, while the b -value of the magnitude-frequency relation was found equal to 1.67. Similar b -values were determined from Nisyros seismicity registered between 1911 and 1980 and from a 1997 microearthquake dataset. These properties seem to be a characteristic of the region, rather than precursor of a forthcoming eruption and make Nisyros similar to other large calderas of the Earth where the episodic unrest with local swarm-like earthquake sequences separated by months or years is a typical pattern that do not culminate in a volcanic eruption. 相似文献
93.
Gerassimos A. Papadopoulos Hiroyuki Matsumoto Athanassios Ganas Vassilis Karastathis Spyros Pavlides 《Journal of Seismology》2004,8(3):381-394
The static displacement field of the Athens 1999 earthquake has been numerically modeled by a BEM method and analysed from SAR interferometry images with compatible results: (a) for a fault that reaches the surface the subsidence field coincides with the hangingwall domain of the Fili neotectonic normal fault with maximum amplitude, d
max, 5.5–7 cm, which is consistent with the possibly co-seismic displacement of 6–10 cm observed in the field, the average fault dislocation of 5–8 cm found by the application of circular source models, and the displacement up to 6 cm predicted by empirical relations between magnitude and displacement; the field of uplift covers the footwall domain of the fault with d
max1.5 cm;d gradually decreases with distance from the fault at a gradient of 0.4 cm/km, (b) for a blind fault d
max is only 1.8 and 0.3 cm in the hangingwall and footwall, respectively, and the decay gradient becomes 0.15 cm/km, (c) the total deformation area is 15 km × 15 km and the Fili fault, with a preferred mean dip of 60°, constitutes the natural boundary between the subsidence and uplift areas. The macroseismic field pattern is similar with that of the static ground deformation. The majority of intensity values VI (MM and EMS-98 scales), are distributed within the hangingwall of the Fili fault, while the highest intensities (VIII and IX) concentrate very close to the Fili fault within its hangingwall domain. A gradual decrease of the intensities with the distance from the Fili fault is evident. Because of the similarity between the intensity distribution pattern and the static ground deformation pattern, we make the hypothesis that the latter predicts well enough the main characteristics of the former although the ground displacement is dominated by relatively low frequency as compared to the ground acceleration. 相似文献
94.
Konstantinos Papadopoulos Elizabeth Vintzileou Ioannis N. Psycharis 《地震工程与结构动力学》2019,48(13):1432-1450
This paper presents a numerical study of the response to earthquake actions of eight ancient Greek multidrum columns, which were chosen as representative of a broad spectrum of the ancient columns preserved to date. The study was conducted using the FE software Abaqus, in three steps. At first, the software efficiency to predict the rocking response of dry-stone structures was verified. Afterwards, various numerical models of one typical ancient multidrum column were seismically excited. Records of four real earthquakes differing in frequency content were used for the excitation of the models. Each column model was different from the others at least in one geometric or modeling parameter. Although the examined parameters affected the numerical results, their variation did not alter significantly the overall behavior of the column. In the last step of the study, numerical models of eight columns were seismically excited using four seismic records. In these analyses, among the simulation approaches tested in the second step, the simpler one was adopted. On the basis of the numerical results, conclusions were drawn regarding the seismic resistance of the columns and its correlation with the dynamic characteristics of the columns (size, slenderness, and frequency parameter) and with the basic intensity measures and frequency content indicator of the seismic motions (PHA, PHV, PHD, and Tg). Thus, criteria of seismic collapse for the multidrum columns are proposed, which can be used for the approximate assessment of the seismic vulnerability of free-standing ancient columns, provided that the columns are in good preservation state. 相似文献
95.
96.
K. H. Papadopoulos N. C. Stefantos U. S. Paulsen E. Morfiadakis 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,101(1):77-107
Four commercial and one research cup anemometers were comparatively tested in a complex terrain site to quantify the effects of turbulence and flow inclination on the wind speed measurements. The difference of the mean windspeed reading between the anemometers was as much as 2% for wind directions where the mean flow was horizontal. This difference was large enough to be attributed to the well-known overspeeding effect related to the differing distance constant (ranging from 1.7 to 5 m) of the cup anemometers. The application of a theoretical model of the cup-anemometer behaviour in athree-dimensional turbulent wind field proved successful in explaining theobserved differences.Additional measurements were taken with the anemometers tilted at known angles into and out of the incident wind flow. Thus, a field-derived angular response curve is constructed for each anemometer and the deviations from publishedwind-tunnel results are discussed.The uncertainties of, or false assumptions about, the angular response characteristics of the anemometers contribute the largest amount inthe observed errors of mean wind speed even for a horizontal mean flow. The angular response curves are finally used to correct the 10-min mean windspeed. The necessary information for the correction is the turbulent intensity (preferably in the vertical direction) and the mean flow inclination.For demanding applications, the angular response parameters of cup anemometers should be taken into account. The incorporation of the angular response parameters in a correction scheme would be most robustly applied if their variation with inclination and wind speed was smooth. 相似文献
97.
Field Survey of the 27 February 2010 Chile Tsunami 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hermann M. Fritz Catherine M. Petroff Patricio A. Catal��n Rodrigo Cienfuegos Patricio Winckler Nikos Kalligeris Robert Weiss Sergio E. Barrientos Gianina Meneses Carolina Valderas-Bermejo Carl Ebeling Athanassios Papadopoulos Manuel Contreras Rafael Almar Juan Carlos Dominguez Costas E. Synolakis 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(11):1989-2010
On 27 February 2010, a magnitude M w?=?8.8 earthquake occurred off the coast of Chile??s Maule region causing substantial damage and loss of life. Ancestral tsunami knowledge from the 1960 event combined with education and evacuation exercises prompted most coastal residents to spontaneously evacuate after the earthquake. Many of the tsunami victims were tourists in coastal campgrounds. The international tsunami survey team (ITST) was deployed within days of the event and surveyed 800?km of coastline from Quintero to Mehuín and the Pacific Islands of Santa María, Mocha, Juan Fernández Archipelago, and Rapa Nui (Easter). The collected survey data include more than 400 tsunami flow depth, runup and coastal uplift measurements. The tsunami peaked with a localized runup of 29?m on a coastal bluff at Constitución. The observed runup distributions exhibit significant variations on local and regional scales. Observations from the 2010 and 1960 Chile tsunamis are compared. 相似文献
98.
Eleni Daskalaki Gerassimos A. Papadopoulos Konstantinos Spiliotis Constantinos Siettos 《Journal of Seismology》2014,18(1):37-46
Based on the theory of complex networks, we quantify for the first time correlations between seismic events occurring in the Hellenic arc and Trench system, which is the most seismogenic structure in the European–Mediterranean region. We examine how relatively strong events with their aftershock sequences trigger phase transitions of the underlying network topology of seismic activity from random to scale-free structures. In particular, we show that the network is characterized by a highly clustered spatial structure giving rise to heterogeneous networks exhibiting enhanced small-world attributes. 相似文献
99.
C. Emdad Haque Dale Dominey-Howes Nuray Karanci Gerassimos Papadopoulos Ahmet Yalciner 《Natural Hazards》2003,29(3):603-606