Chemistry of alkali extraction of brown coals—I. Kinetics, characterisation and implications to coalification

Three Australian brown coals have been separated into humin and humic acid fractions and studied by high resolution solid state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. The aromatic rings of the humic acids are highly substituted showing that extensive cross linking must have occurred during formation from wood lignin and tannin. However, the humins contain more aliphatic carbon and hydrogen than the corresponding humic acids. This shows that little cross linking has occurred with other components of the brown coal such as resins, waxes cutin and algal detritus, and cross linking has not rendered the aromatics alkali insoluble. The kinetics of extraction are complex and not simple first order. This is reflected in the chemical composition of the humic acid which is extraction temperature dependent. We also observed that there is a conversion of aromatic carbon to aliphatic carbon and gas during extraction, probably by alkaline oxidation, resulting in ring opening. A range of suitable model compounds have been studied to confirm this finding. Such a mechanism may account for the modification of lignin in oxidising environments such as those occurring in the initial stages of coalification (lignite or brown coal formation) and in soils.     

S,Pb, C and O isotopic compositions and ore genesis of the strata-bound polymetallic sulfide deposits in central Inner Mongolia,China

The strata-bound Cu−Pb−Zn polymetallic sulfide deposits occur in metamorphic rocks of greenschist phase of the middle-upper Proterozoic Langshan Group in central Inner Mongolia. δ³⁴S values for sulfides range from −3.1‰ to +37.3‰, and an apparent difference is noticed between vein sulfides and those in bedded rocks. For example, δ³⁴S values for bedded pyrite range from +10.6‰ to +20.0‰, while those for vein pyrite vary from −3.1‰ to +14.1‰. δ³⁴S of bedded pyrrhotite is in the range +7.9‰–+23.5‰ in comparison with +6.5‰–+17.1‰ for vein pyrrhotite. The wide scatter of δ³⁴S and the enrichment of heavier sulfur indicate that sulfur may have been derived from H₂S as a result of bacterial reduction of sulfates in the sea water. Sulfur isotopic composition also differs from deposit to deposit in this area because of the difference in environment in which they were formed. The mobilization of bedded sulfides in response to regional metamorphism and magmatic intrusion led to the formation of vein sulfides. δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C of ore-bearing rocks and wall rocks are within the range typical of ordinary marine facies, with the exception of lower values for ore-bearing marble at Huogeqi probably due to diopsidization and tremalitization of carbonate rocks. Pb isotopic composition is relatively stable and characterized by lower radio-genetic lead. The age of basement rocks was calculated to be about 23.9 Ma and ore-forming age 7.8 Ma.²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb−²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb−²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb plots indicate that Pb may probably be derived from the lower crust or upper mantle. It is believed that the deposits in this region are related to submarine volcanic exhalation superimposed by later regional metamorphism and magmatic intrusion.     

黄土高原晚更新世黄土与古季风研究进展

黄土高原晚更新世黄土地层含有末次间冰期一次期东亚季风演变的大量信息，经外地学界十年来的探索，初步揭示了东亚季风演化的规律，本文对于这方面研究的现状作了综合评述。     

山西天镇晚白垩世——新恐龙动物君及其地层意义

新发现的山西天镇恐龙动物群是以巨龙类（titanosaurids）和甲龙类（ankylosaurids）为代表，含有鸭嘴龙类及兽脚类化石，其中一具何存较完整的巨龙类骨架（已获骨骼近70%）包括3个甲龙头骨及其头后骨骼.该动物君化石相当丰富，经与蒙古、印度、老挝、加拿大、美国和阿根廷等国晚白垩世恐龙动物君的比较我，实属晚白垩世较为罕见的一新恐龙动物群。由于天镇恐龙动物群的发现不仅将原划归始新世的灰泉堡组的时代归属晚白垩世，而且对白垩系划分和探讨恐龙的分类、演化、迁徒、动物地理区及其绝灭等方面的研究均具有重要意义。     

中国沿海地区国民收入预测的新组合模型

着重讨论一种基于灰色ＧＭ（１，１）模型及国民收入决定函数模型而建立的新组合模型。该模型建模方法简单，组合性强，并且在各模型的拟合精度提高。该模型汲取了灰色ＧＭ（１，１）模型模拟国民收入变化趋势的优点和国民收入决定函数模型模拟国民收入波动的优点，使组合模型不但在趋势上符合国民收入的发展，而且也给出了在波动方面的比较一致的模拟。     

中国热带,亚热带西部地区热量带的划分

我国热带，亚热带西部地区山多，高原广，垂直地带性的影响，给热量带的划分带来了困难，因为垂直气候都具有在该地区纬向气候带的基础上衍生而生的，因此，亚热带西部地区热量带的划分也应以纬向地带性为主，基带气候为中亚热带的云贵高原和金沙江河谷仍应归属于中亚热带，青藏高原破坏了纬向地带性规律，其东侧应有一条亚热带西界，这一界线应是北、中、南亚热带遇到青藏高原后的中断界线，而不是北、中、南亚热带与青藏高原寒气候     

On global climate warming

On global climate warming     

工业区位因素变化与工业地理学研究的新动向

工业生产在国家和地区社会经济发展中的作用表现为阶段性变化,并在工业区位因素和工业空间特征的变化上表现出来。80年代以来,这种变化突出表现为技术因素和社会文化因素对工业生产和工业区位的影响日盆增强以及工业生产组织的国际合作的扩展,这种变化导致了工业地理学研究方法和研究领域的革新拓展。     

超文本电子地图集系统

介绍了超文本电子地图集系统ＨＥＡＳ的若干概念，分析了现有地理信息系统的优点和弱点，介绍了超文本电子地图集系统的特性和武测超文本电子地图集实验系统方面的研究成果。     

祁连山空中云水资源开发潜力研究新进展

祁连山及河西走廊地区是我国气候变化敏感区和生态脆弱区。本文通过对2005a以来祁连山云水资源相关最新研究成果的总结,旨在揭示气候变暖对祁连山云水资源影响包括气候变化、水汽时空变化、地形云特征的基础上,分析评估了祁连山云水资源开发潜力及效益。实验研究表明,在祁连山区开展人工增雨(雪)作业,每年可增加降水量3.7×10_⁸～７.4×10_⁸m_³。近10年来,甘肃春季飞机人工增雨作业年均增加降水量为13.5×10_⁸m_³,平均投入产出比为1:30。