China's national emissions trading scheme (ETS) is expected to be operational in 2017. Effectively addressing regional disparities at the provincial level in allowance allocation will greatly affect the acceptance of the allocation approach and thus deserves careful consideration. This article aims to explore possible approaches for addressing regional disparities, by introducing regional adjustment factors (RAF) in free allowance allocation. Based on the principle of ‘national unified rules?+?stricter adjustment by provincial authorities’, four single factorial and three multi-factorial methods are proposed to calculate the RAFs, through a normalization process. These methods are associated with the most acknowledged factors dealing with regional disparities, including per-capita GDP; per-capita CO2 emissions; industrial sector contribution to GDP; economy-wide emissions control targets and CO2 emissions per unit GDP, per unit power and heat output and per unit industrial added value. A comparative analysis is made for the seven methods, in regard to value distribution and level of matching regional political demand.Key policy insights
‘Allowing stricter regional adjustment’ represents a dominant feature for China's national ETS, which aims to address regional disparities and government demands.
How the adjustment plan is designed will have a major influence on the operation of the national ETS and regional business competitiveness. Provincial governments need to consider the trade-off between auction revenue and local business competitiveness.
Applying the different methods leads to more scattered results for some regions, for whom the choice of adjustment approach will therefore have a greater impact.
Based on the analysis, four adjustment methods that generate similar results – the per-capita GDP-based method, the intensity reduction target-based method, the 12th FYP target-based method and intensity-based grandfathering – are recommended for most provincial-level regions, with some exceptions.
Based on the phenomena that the deformation gap was observed before the great Tangshang earthquake, this paper discusses the
strain gap according to test and theory. The (strain) patterns were recorded photographically by realtime holographic interferometry
and shadow optical method of caustics, as soon as the loading process started. In the meantime, the AE (acoustic emission)
signals were recorded by a micro crack information storage-analysis system. According to damage theory and location of micro
fracture, we have studied the stain gap and gained: a) It is necessary that strain gap appears under the condition of linear
elasticity theory, and its situation is relatively stable, corresponding to stress concentration. b) Micro fractures, which
appear initially at area of high stress, occur rarely at the strain gap, and their locations are finally in the zone between
the stress concentration area and the strain gap, which indicate the clusters or groups. However, the major macro fracture
(final rupture) started from the shadow areas, and then grew quickly towards the strain gaps, which resulted in failure of
sample.
Foundation item: The Dual Project of China Seismological Bureau (9691309020301), the Specialized Funds for National Key Basic Study (G1998040704),
the project for the MOST under contract (2001BA601B02) and Youth Funds for applied basic study of the Science and Technology
Bureau of Yunnan Province (98D019Q). 相似文献
Acta Geotechnica - Slip zone soils play a crucial role in the evolution of landslides. In this paper, slip zone soils of the Huangtupo Landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, which is an... 相似文献