A new type of isotherm for zinc liquid-solid partitioning on δ−MnO2, γ−MnOOH and manganite in seawater

This article deals with the interaction of zinc with δ−MnO₂, γ−MnOOH and manganite existing in natural water systems. The mechanism of the reaction has been studied in detail. From the fact that the “ratio of ion exchange(%)-pH” graph is an “S shaped” curve, it is possible to deduce that the chemical reaction is of the nature of cation exchange. And since the pH range of ion exchange=4, it is possible to further deduce that the reaction can be explained by the mechanism of monovalence cation exchange. The main result of this article is the discovery of a new type of isotherm which has not been mentioned in previous literature here and abroad. This isotherm cannot be represented by any presently available adsorption isotherm equations in marine chemistry. The characteristics of this new type of isotherm are as follows: the isotherm has two “knees” and three “plateaus”, the heights of these three “plateaus” are in the ratio 1:2:3. In order to explain theoretically our new isotherm, this article suggests the application of the principle of interfacial stepwise ion exchange for liquid-solid distribution of minor elements on suspended particulate matter. The corresponding isotherm equation was derived from this theory. The results obtained in this article will be of theoretical guiding significance in the study of the marine geochemistry of zinc. Projects supported by the Science Fund of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

多层界面快速反演在高精度石油重力勘探中的应用

重力勘探作为一种快速普查方法，在深部地质构造研究、区域地质构造划分及找矿勘探中均已取得显著的地质效果。自８０年代后期，由于在重力测地工作中使用红外测距仪及高精度ＧＰＳ定位技术，确保了重力测点位置及高程有较高的精度；在重力观测中普遍采用目前世界上精度最高的Ｌａｃｏｓｔｅ型重力仪进行基点联测，采用对恒温系统改进后的Ｗｏｒｄｅｎ重力仪进行重力测点观测，使得重力测量的质量及精度都有了很大提高，为扩大重力法的应用提供了条件。本文给出的一例是；在我国某含油沉积盆地上，根据对实测１：２５０００高精度重力资料（布格重力异常总观测均方误差：６０×１０￣－８ｍ／ｓ￣２）的处理及约束信息下多层界面反演结果，确定有利油气聚集的圈闭范围，推断含油层的大致规模。     

GNSS精密单点定位中的实时质量控制

提出了一套适用于GNSS精密单点定位(PPP)的实时质量控制方法,重点研究了钟跳探测与修复、周跳探测与标记、抗差估计方法,并在现有质量控制方法的基础上进行了改进。对比分析了不同质量控制方案对PPP的影响,结果表明,钟跳不利于周跳探测,严重影响非差PPP的精度和效率,必须对其进行探测与修复;联合MW、GF组合可以探测出绝大多数周跳,且较使用单一方法更为准确、可靠;采用改进的抗差估计有效抑制了残余粗差对精密定位的影响,显著提高了PPP的精度和可靠性。     

民族自治区与全国和东部地区收入差距的实证分析

改革开放以来,民族自治区的经济、社会都得到了前所未有的快速发展,但是民族自治区的发展水平与东部沿海发达地区相比仍存在一定的差距。这种背景下,如何提高民族自治区人民的生活水平,缩小地区间的收入差距,就成为我国目前民生问题研究中亟待解决的重要课题。在参考同类研究的基础上,运用购买力平价重新计算了1990—2010年我国31个省、市、自治区的人均收入,得到反映居民真实生活水平的综合可支配收入及表示区域差距的变异系数。数据表明:我国各地区长期存在收入差距较大的态势,一些民族自治区的收入水平远低于东部地区甚至全国的平均收入水平。对此提出了提高民族自治区居民的收入、改善实际生活水平、缩小与全国和东部地区收入差距的调控对策。     

Validation of the effects of temperature simulated by multi-model ensemble and prediction of mean temperature changes for the next three decades in China

Using series of daily average temperature observations over the period of 1961–1999 of 701 meteorological stations in China, and simulated results of 20 global climate models (such as BCCR_BCM2.0, CGCM3T47) during the same period as the observation, we validate and analyze the simulated results of the models by using three factor statistical method, achieve the results of multi- model ensemble, test and verify the results of multi-model ensemble by using the observation data during the period of 1991–1999. Finally, we analyze changes of the annual mean temperature result of multi-mode ensemble prediction for the period of 2011–2040 under the emission scenarios A2, A1B and B1. Analyzed results show that: (1) Global climate models can reproduce Chinese regional spatial distribution of annual mean temperature, especially in low latitudes and eastern China. (2) With the factor of the trend of annual mean temperature changes in reference period, there is an obvious bias between the model and the observation. (3) Testing the result of multi-model ensemble during the period of 1991–1999, we can simulate the trend of temperature increase. Compared to observation, the result of different weighing multi-model ensemble prediction is better than the same weighing ensemble. (4) For the period of 2011–2040, the growth of the annual mean temperature in China, which results from multi-mode ensemble prediction, is above 1 °C. In the spatial distribution of annual mean temperature, under the emission scenarios of A2, A1B and B1, the trend of growth in South China region is the smallest, the increment is less than or equals to 0.8 °C; the trends in the northwestern region and south of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are the largest, the increment is more than 1 °C.     

2010年沙尘天气对巴彦浩特空气质量的影响

利用巴彦浩特2010年1月至2011年2月PM10、SO2、NO2的逐日监测数据和同一时期气象观测资料,分析巴彦浩特空气污染物特征及PM10浓度与沙尘天气之间的关系。分析结果表明:2010年春、夏、秋三季巴彦浩特的主要污染物是PM10,冬季主要污染物是SO2;沙尘天气是造成巴彦浩特PM10浓度变化的最重要因素;影响巴彦浩特空气质量的沙尘主要来源于其西北方向和西北偏北方向。建议有关部门在巴彦浩特西北地区搞好生态保护与建设,以减轻沙尘天气对巴彦浩特地区空气质量的影响。     

利用经验模态分解和主成分分析的SAR图像相干斑抑制

对SAR图像应用对数加性噪声模型,将经验模态分解(Empirical mode decomposition, EMD)与主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis, PCA)相结合,提出了一种基于PCA的EMD相干斑抑制算法。根据对数SAR图像中相干斑噪声的统计特性和高斯白噪声经EMD分解后的能量分布模型,近似估算SAR图像经EMD分解后各层内蕴模态函数中所含噪声的能量;将内蕴模态函数利用PCA进行分解,根据PCA对含噪信号的分解特性和内蕴模态函数中噪声能量所占的比例,选择合适的成分分量重构内蕴模态函数,以进一步去除噪声保留有用的细节信息。仿真实验结果表明,本文方法在有效抑制相干斑噪声的同时可以较好地保持边缘纹理细节的清晰。     

实时精密单点定位中的数据预处理研究

提出了适用于实时环境的一套数据预处理方案,包括钟跳修复、联合使用Geometry-Free和Melbourne-Wübbena组合进行周跳探测。通过丰富的实验算例,说明了对观测值进行钟跳修复的必要性;证明了联合使用GF与MW组合能够准确有效地探测出实际数据中存在的以及手工模拟加入的周跳。     

斜压大气中双涡自组织与台风形成的初步研究

从数值研究和个例分析两个方面讨论了斜压大气中双涡自组织与台风形成的关系.首先,利用PSU/NCAR 第五代数值天气预报模式(MM5),设计了6个弱环境流场下的理想试验,研究斜压大气中双涡自组织对台风形成的影响,结果表明:斜压大气中双涡自组织存在一个临界距离dc,其值在380 km左右.当双涡间距d≤dc时,双涡可以自组织形成台风环流,当d>dc时,自组织现象不能发生.其次,选取一个对我国有重要影响典型台风个例,分析双涡自组织对其形成的影响,结果表明双涡自组织过程是对我国有重要影响台风形成的典型方式之一.