攀西裂谷火成岩组合的矿物学、岩石学特征及其与裂谷演化的关系

攀枝花—西昌地区的火成岩组合是裂谷岩浆作用的主要产物。它们可以分为裂谷期前组合、裂谷早期组合、中期组合和晚期组合。通过火成岩组合的矿物学、岩石学研究,可以推断攀西裂谷演化的历史。     

热敏电阻测温电桥的一种线性化方法

热敏电阻因温度系数大,尺寸小和价格低而得到广泛的应用。但其电阻和温度呈非线性关系 (1)式中T和T_0为绝对温度,R_(T_0)为参考温度T_0时的热敏电阻阻值。这给测量工作带来不便和限制。 不少作者研究过热敏电阻温度计的线性化问题。Beakley分析了负温度系数热敏电阻作为惠斯     

水文地质变异因素的定量分析——方差分析在水文地质工作中的应用

能引起地下水质量或数量发生变化的因素很多。这些因素可能单独作用于地下水,也可能交互作于用地下水。通过方差分析可以定量评价某个变异因素的影响是否显著;在有重复试验的条件下,两个变异因素的方差分析还可以确定有无交互作用。此外,通过多重比较还可以进一步确定某个变异因素对地下水的影响程度。     

陕甘宁青地震形度带初步研究

直到目前为止,国内外对地震形变带的认识还很不统一。本文根据大量的实际考察资料,阐明了研究地震形变带的重要意义。对其种类、名称等给予了特定的含义,对其特征作了较详细的阐述,分析了它的力学机理,论述了它与发震断裂的关系及其所反映的现代构造运动特点,进而初步总结了西北发生强震的主要地质标志,为预测未来强震提供了地质依据。     

班公湖-怒江带中段构造性质探讨

西起班公湖,向东大体沿黑(河)阿(里)公路,经改则、尼玛、东巧—那曲,再向东,大体与怒江上游相连接的一条超基性岩带逐渐引起人们的注意。经几次考察,已初步被认为是一条重要的构造界线,甚至可与南面的雅鲁藏布江带相对比。然而,由于过去工作的较少,对该构造带的研究尚很不够。     

A two-layer model of soil hydrology

A two-layer model of soil hydrology is developed for applications where only limited computer time and complexity are allowed. Volumetric soil water is computed in a thin upper layer for use in calculation of surface evaporation. Storage of water is computed for an underlying deeper layer.In an effort to identify the influence of significant asymmetric truncation errors in the two-layer model, this model is compared with the 100-level model of Boersma et al. (1983). Comparisons are made for modelled soils with clay, loam and sand properties for various time dependencies of potential evaporation and precipitation. Truncation errors in the resulting two-layer model appear to be modest, at least compared to errors associated with difficulty in estimation of the hydraulic diffusivity and its strong dependence on soil water content.Minimization of the influence of truncation errors requires: (1) choosing the upper layer to be sufficiently thin, (2) allowing the soil water gradient to control surface evaporation directly and (3) using suitable numerical implementation of the evaluation of internal soil water flux.

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Résumé On propose un modèle d'hydrologie du sol à deux couches, spécialement élaboré pour des applications où le temps de calcul et la complexité doivent être aussi réduits que possible. Le contenu en eau du sol dans la mince couche de surface est utilisé pour évaluer l'évaporation, tandis que la réserve en eau est calculée pour la couche profonde, beaucoup plus épaisse.Afin d'estimer les erreurs de troncature et leurs effets dans le modèle à deux couches, des comparaisons sont faites avec le modèle à 100 niveaux de Boersma et al. (1983). Ces comparaisons portent sur des sols de natures variées (argile, terres végétales et sable) et incluent divers taux d'évaporation potentielle et de précipitation. Les effets des erreurs de troncature dans le modèle à 2 couches semblent peu importants par rapport à ceux associés à la mauvaise connaissance de la diffusivité hydraulique et de sa dépendance à l'égard du contenu en eau du sol.La réduction de l'influence de ces erreurs de troncature nécessite: (1) le choix d'une couche supérieure suffisamment fine; (2) le contrôle direct de l'évaporation vers l'atmosphère à partir de la répartition verticale du contenu en eau du sol; (3) l'utilisation d'une procédure particulière pour évaluer le flux d'eau entre les deux couches du sol.

     

Study on the characteristics of earthquake’s impact on cities

Firstly, the impact of historical earthquakes on 34 China province-level capital cities is evaluated by using historical earthquake catalog. The distribution of affected intensity shows, about 53% of cities have even not been affected by earthquake intensity VI, and 44% of cities have been hit by earthquake intensity VII to IX. For most of the cities, occurrence frequency of affected intensity VI is usually higher than that of affected intensity larger than VI, and the value of affected intensity with maximal occurrence frequency may be very different among cities. So both the maximal affected intensity and the affected intensity with maximal occurrence frequency should be taken into account when the prevention seismic intensity needs to be determined. Secondly, considering the incompleteness of records of historical earthquakes, a method of earthquake catalog computer simulation is introduced to study the features of affected intensity of big cities. 69 county-level cities of Fujian Province are selected to be statistical objects. The statistical result shows, for different risk levels the seismic intensity changes greatly among cities, the seismic intensity of 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years can be regarded as the characteristic affected intensity of city, and can be the basis of determining the city special earthquake prevention level and a proper indicator of future earthquake’s impact on cities. Foundation item: A Public Benefit Foundation of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China. Contribution No. 04FE1005, Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration.     

城镇土地定级估价信息系统的设计与实现

在分析城镇土地定级、基准地价评估、宗地评估、基准地价更新中所涉及的各种信息及其处理方法的基础上，从系统设计原则、功能模块设计、数据库设计、系统类设计等几个方面对面向对象的城镇土地定级估价信息系统的设计进行了详细的阐述。     

利用RIEMS-LRM对黄河河川径流的模拟研究

利用区域系统环境集成模式(RIEMS）和一个offline的大尺度汇流模型(LRM)对黄河的河川径流做了模拟。中国科学院大气物理所东亚中心从1991年开始建立和发展RIEMS，并验证RIEMS对东亚区域气候有较好的模拟能力。LRM是以线性时基不变假定为基础并能够计算水的水平传输的数学模型。RIEMS—LRM可以用来模拟和预测大尺度河流的河川径流。RIEMS—LRM在黄河上游河段的应用证实其有能力对大尺度河流的河川径流进行模拟。此外，作还分析了模拟误差产生的原因。     

Evaluation of vertical seismic response for a large‐scale beam‐supported aqueduct

By the theories of potential flow and structural vibration, the formulae for evaluating the ‘wet’ (with water) frequencies and mode shapes of the beam‐supported aqueduct are derived through a simplified fluid‐structure interaction analysis. The time‐history formulae of structural responses to the vertical seismic excitation are obtained. Applying the response‐spectrum principle, the equivalent vertical earthquake load exerted on the beam and the corresponding effects are also derived. Several illustrative examples are conducted. The analytical results show that: (i) The ‘wet’ frequencies of the structure are lower than the corresponding ‘dry’ (without water) frequencies due to the participating water mass, but the ‘wet’ mode shapes are identical to the corresponding ‘dry’ ones. (ii) The water mass plays an important role in the vertical seismic response, which varies with the different geological sites. For the different seismic inputs, the deeper the water is, the greater are the structural responses. (iii) The vertical seismic effects on the beam are generally not too small to be neglected and should be considered in the structural designs of a beam‐supported aqueduct. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.