精密单点定位估计GPS卫星的P1-C1码偏差及稳定性分析

给出了利用精密单点定位（PPP）技术估计GPS卫星P1-C1码偏差的数学模型,并以BRUS、GODE、SHAO和NIST四个跟踪站2010年10月份一个月的观测数据为例,采用PPP方法计算了所有GPS卫星的P1-C1码偏差,并与欧洲定轨中心提供的P1-C1码偏差进行了比较,结果表明：四个站估计的P1-C1码偏差精度均可达到几个厘米。一个月的计算结果表明：卫星的P1-C1码偏差在一个月内变化平缓。     

鄂东南铜绿山矿田矽卡岩型铜铁金矿床的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

鄂东南地区(斑岩-)矽卡岩型铜铁金多金属矿床是长江中下游地区金属成矿带的重要组成部分,铜绿山矿田以成矿类型齐全和矿体规模较大为特点,是鄂东南矿集区最重要的矿田.但目前对不同成矿元素的矽卡岩型铜铁金矿床的成矿时代、成岩成矿时差和构造背景的研究相对较少.本文利用Re-Os同位素定年方法对铜绿山矿田两个典型的大型铜绿山矽卡岩铜(铁金)矿床和大型鸡冠嘴矽卡岩(铜)金矿床进行了成矿时代的研究,获得了辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素年龄范围分别为(1368±19)～(1381±18) Ma和(1371±19)～(1388±19) Ma,等时线年龄分别为(1371±19) Ma和(1382±22) Ma,表明铜绿山矿田不同类型的矿床几乎同时形成;与矿田花岗闪长岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄[(1403±18) Ma]在误差范围内基本一致,存在较短的成岩成矿时差,该成矿时代与鄂东南地区其他矿田的(斑岩-)矽卡岩型铜钼矿床和矽卡岩型铁矿床,以及长江中下游地区铜陵、安庆、九瑞矿集区(斑岩-)矽卡岩铜多金属矿床的形成时代基本一致.铜绿山矿田矽卡岩铜铁金矿床可能是在太平洋板块俯冲的撕裂或开天窗时,由于玄武质岩浆底侵和岩石圈减薄导致中国东部大规模侵入岩和成矿作用产物的形成.     

Integrated studies of physical geography in China: Review and prospects

Modern physical geography in China grew from Chinese traditional geography and has been profoundly influenced by the geographical disciplines of Euro-America and Russia. Since the 1950s, integrated studies of physical geography in China have made remarkable progress in the fields of comprehensive physical geographical regionalization, land studies, landscape ecology, and land surface geographical processes. During the past few decades, under the background of global change and rapid socio-economic transformation, a series of environmental and resources problems have boomed in China. To solve these problems and promote the development of integrated studies of physical geography, the following issues were proposed as research priorities: (1) coupling of land surface patterns and processes; (2) integrated research on regional responses and adaptation to global change; (3) analysis of human dimensions of the earth system; (4) ecosystem service research from a geographical perspective; (5) integration of multi-source data and model development; (6) integrated studies on unique geographical units; and (7) important global issues and relevant international programs.     

Future wave climate over the west-European shelf seas

In this paper, we investigate changes in the wave climate of the west-European shelf seas under global warming scenarios. In particular, climate change wind fields corresponding to the present (control) time-slice 1961–2000 and the future (scenario) time-slice 2061–2100 are used to drive a wave generation model to produce equivalent control and scenario wave climate. Yearly and seasonal statistics of the scenario wave climates are compared individually to the corresponding control wave climate to identify relative changes of statistical significance between present and future extreme and prevailing wave heights. Using global, regional and linked global–regional wind forcing over a set of nested computational domains, this paper further demonstrates the sensitivity of the results to the resolution and coverage of the forcing. It suggests that the use of combined forcing from linked global and regional climate models of typical resolution and coverage is a good option for the investigation of relative wave changes in the region of interest of this study. Coarse resolution global forcing alone leads to very similar results over regions that are highly exposed to the Atlantic Ocean. In contrast, fine resolution regional forcing alone is shown to be insufficient for exploring wave climate changes over the western European waters because of its limited coverage. Results obtained with the combined global–regional wind forcing showed some consistency between scenarios. In general, it was shown that mean and extreme wave heights will increase in the future only in winter and only in the southwest of UK and west of France, north of about 44–45° N. Otherwise, wave heights are projected to decrease, especially in summer. Nevertheless, this decrease is dominated by local wind waves whilst swell is found to increase. Only in spring do both swell and local wind waves decrease in average height.     

农业对气候变化的脆弱性

随着对气候变化研究的不断深入,气候变化脆弱性问题也得到了更多的关注。相对于水资源、森林等其他自然生态系统,农业受气候变化的影响最大,科学地评价其对气候变化的脆弱性,对于制定合理有效的适应对策具有重要意义。从气候变化脆弱性与农业对气候变化脆弱性的定义、研究内容和评价方法等角度综述了研究进展,在此基础上分析了目前该领域存在的问题,包括情景应用、方法和不确定性等方面,并展望了未来脆弱性评价的发展方向。     

微生物参与前寒武纪条带状铁建造沉积的研究进展

地球演化早期太古代和早元古代大规模的条带状铁建造(BIF)是目前世界上最重要的铁矿资源。已有的稳定同位素组成、分子化石以及岩石磁学性质等证据支持早期微生物广泛参与了BIF的形成。本文评述了微生物参与BIF形成过程中铁搬运和沉淀及其同位素分馏、生物标志物和岩石磁学证据。深入地研究BIF成矿中的微生物矿化贡献,有助于解释BIF形成机制,反演前寒武纪大气—海洋环境演化,以及理解地球早期生命的过程。     

磁性下界面的正则化反演方法

根据磁异常反演磁性介质下界面,属于非线性问题,一般很难直接求解.本文采用将非线性问题线性化措施,建立起线性离散磁模型,然后应用线性规划的正则算法,设计了迭代求解方案.该方法不要求已知界面起伏的平均深度,只要求假定界面是连续的及磁性沿横向变化.算法便于对解施行物理约束,具有收敛快,精度高的特点.     

江苏下扬子区二叠系龙潭组-大隆组页岩气勘探前景分析

江苏下扬子区龙潭组-大隆组暗色泥页岩厚度较大（60~100m）,有机碳含量较高（平均为2.0%~3.0%）,热演化程度区域上差异较大（0.5%~3.0%）,总体具有形成页岩气藏的良好潜力。暗色泥页岩中脆性矿物含量较高,利于后期的压裂和开发。根据研究区暗色泥页岩页岩厚度、埋深、有机碳含量和成熟度展布,以矿物成分和含气性特征等特征,运用信息叠合法,最终优选出溧水-句容、丹阳-海安为Ⅰ类有利区,无锡-张家港为Ⅱ类有利区。     

塔里木盆地哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系一间房组岩溶储集层地震识别与控制因素*

哈拉哈塘地区位于塔里木盆地北部隆起轮南低凸起奥陶系潜山背斜西翼上,其中奥陶系一间房组碳酸盐岩岩溶储集层具有成因复杂、非均质性强和识别困难等特点。以该地区现有钻井资料、地震解释成果为基础,在现代岩溶研究成果的指导下,利用分时窗提取、断裂属性(Fault Fracture Attribute,FFA)裂缝预测等特色技术,详细刻画了一间房组孔洞、裂缝型储集层空间分布特征。利用地层CT扫描古河道识别、残厚法古地形恢复、基于优化算法的构造识别体断裂精细刻画等特色技术开展了岩溶储集层控制因素分析,指出古地形较高、水系发达、小断裂发育等是一间房组岩溶储集层发育的有利控制因素。面对现有碳酸盐岩岩溶储集层勘探难题,以现代岩溶理论为指导,钻井-地震结合,综合利用多种地震预测技术是开展研究区碳酸盐岩岩溶储集层识别和控制因素分析的重要手段。     

中国南方地区水系沉积物中元素丰度

从中国南方12个省自治区230万km2面积上所采集的水系沉积物中按每1∶5万图幅一个组合样的密度组合成5 244件组合样,采用以ICP-MS、ICP-AES和XRF为主的先进的分析测试方法和严格的质量控制方法,准确测试了其中的76种元素。统计计算了中国南方地区76种元素的平均值,给出了中国南方地区水系沉积物中76种元素...