小降雨事件对土壤水分及植物水势空间差异性的影响

本文以云南省蒙自市断陷盆地高原面上典型封闭式岩溶洼地小流域为研究对象,研究小降雨事件对土壤水分及植物水势的影响。结果表明:（1）在研究区内小降雨事件一般只能补给10 cm以上的土壤,因此在旱季（强降雨事件发生前）,土壤水分随着深度的增加整体呈变小的趋势;受洼地地形影响,整个土壤剖面（0 ~ 80 cm）的土壤水分存在从坡顶到洼地底部逐渐增加,苹果树叶水势逐渐升高的现象;受地质背景的影响,土石质坡地平均土壤水分比石质坡地土壤水分高2.67%,相对应的土石质坡地苹果树受干旱胁迫的程度要低于石质坡地。（2）通过观测对比发现,8天内12次的小降雨事件可以使0~10 cm土壤水分整体上略有升高,但并未能完全改变0~10 cm土壤水分洼地底部大于两侧坡地,而土石质坡地高于石质坡地的特征。（3）小降雨事件虽然只能补给0~10 cm的土壤水分,但由于坡地地区苹果树根系分布较浅（5~30 cm）,部分浅层分布的苹果树根系已能吸收到水分,另一方面小降雨事件具有降温、增湿,减少太阳辐射的作用,可以减小苹果树蒸腾作用,从而降低苹果树叶水势,因此推测小雨事件可以明显减轻苹果树受干旱胁迫的程度      

西北太平洋异常变化

根据国家海洋局全部海洋站的水温和水位资料,以及“热带海洋和全球大气(TOGA)”的ADCP测流和CTD资料计算并分析了黑潮源流区输入西北太平洋的北向质量通量和西北太平洋及其邻近海域的水温、水位的异常变化,同时还应用美国宇航局Goddard地球观测系统(GEOS)/四维资料同化系统(DAS)计算并分析了西北太平洋的海面潜热通量的空间和时间变化.结果表明,北向质量通量具有明显的年际变化.这种年际变化与西北太平洋水温、水位和潜热通量的变化有着合理的因果关系.当前者减少时,后3者也明显减小.其物理解释是从热带西太平洋输入西北太平洋的海水质量和热量的减少将导致西北太平洋的减水和热量收入的减少,而热量收入的减少又将会引起水温和潜热通量的减小.     

中国太湖五里湖内不同凤眼莲密度圈闭内的沉降率

The dynamic model of physical-biological engineering for purifying water quality in Lake Taihu needs the parameter of sedimentation rate (SR). Especially, it is seldom reported how SR is influenced by interactions between algae and aquatic plant. So 6 enclosures with each area of 5×5 m² were constructed in Wulihu with 2 m depth, a small hypereutrophic bay of Taihu Lake, China. Enclosures, in which the original water quality was the same as that in surrounding lake, were input Eichhomia crassipes at various original densities from 0-6 kg·m^-2 on August 9, 1996. SR had been measured separately at depths of 0.6, 1.2f 1.8 m in each enclosure during 20 days. Main results were as follows:1) SR average in enclosures (17.3g·m^-2 d^-1) was as much as about 1/14 that in the surrounding lake; 2) The deeper was it, the higher rate was it in each enclosure, generally; 3) SR cures versus original densities of Eichhomia crassipes (ODE) in enclosures had the ship of "V" at different depths; SR minimuma were observed in the enclosure with original meso-density of Eichhomia crassipes (EMESO, 4kg·m^-2), the average of SR minimuma was about 8.55 g ·m^-2 d^-1) SR in enclosures with original hypo-density (EHYPO, 0-3kg·m^-2) were mainly negative related with water temperature and light intensity;while those with original hyperdensity (EHYPR, 5-6kg·m^-2) were mainly negative related with transparency (SD) instead.These SR-distribution characteristics may be explained by interactions between dead algae and relics of Eichhomia crassipes.     

VCS柱状采样及其在中国太湖富营养化评价中的应用

The lake sediments, especially in recent years, genuinely record human being''s activities upon the lake environment. The top 30cm sections are of significance in the process of advanced cultural eutrophication and water quality deterioration. Based on the data of 4 core sam-ples obtained in June 19-22, 1997, with VCS in northern, western and southern Taihu Lake, some preliminary results are reported. Further analyses on the physico-chemical items as well as element content may reveal more information of the accelerating cultural eutrophication.     

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南黄海部分典型海域沉积物粒度特征

为了研究南黄海不同典型海域沉积物的粒度特征及其对沉积环境和水动力条件的响应特征,对南黄海海域6个柱状样沉积物进行了激光粒度测试,得到样品的粒度概率分布曲线、平均粒径、分选系数、偏度和峰度等粒度参数,初步探讨了南黄海不同海域特征水动力条件下粒度的响应特征.结果表明,山东半岛东侧海域具有沿岸流水动力条件强,黄河物质输入量大,导致沉积物具有粒径较粗、极正偏和单峰分布的粒度特征;在山东半岛更靠东的海域,水动力条件减弱,受沿岸流和冷水团的共同作用,沉积物具有粒径较细及双峰分布的粒度特征;靠近冷水团中心的沉积物主要受冷水团的作用,沉积物具有垂向均匀且较细、负偏及单峰分布的粒度特征,与此处非常弱且单一的水动力条件相关联;老黄河口外的水下三角洲主要受到沿岸流的侵蚀与改造作用,在一定范围内,改造作用的强度随离岸距离的增加而随之增强,沉积物粒度也由细变粗;以沿岸流侵蚀作用为主的南黄海西部海域,沉积物粒度较粗,概率分布曲线呈粗端多峰分布.因此,沉积物的粒度特征很好地记录了南黄海不同的典型沉积环境中的水动力条件状态和特征.     

接收机五参数定位算法研究

介绍了卫星钟差数据仿真方法以及基于星间双向测距的导航卫星两步滤波时间同步算法。仿真数据结果表明,与一步滤波方法相比,两步解算方法的时间同步精度有一定提高。     

一种结合特征拟合的水域信息提取方法

针对干旱半干旱区水域的重要性,开展基于环境减灾卫星的水环境遥感识别监测已成为目前水资源领域中的重要任务。该文利用LBV变换能显著突出地物信息的这一特征,以环境卫星为数据源探讨LBV变换方法。在分析L、V、B3类分量的基础上,以V-B及L-B为特征空间,结合波段阈值、二维散点分布与回归拟合方法,识别研究区的水域分布信息。结果表明,使用单一B分量阈值法能较完整地提取出水域信息。利用水体集群聚集程度高的方式提取的水体信息,在V-B及L-B特征拟合下也能完整地提取研究区内的水域信息。比较3种水体信息提取方法,无论是在误提取率还是在水体提取精度上,L-B特征拟合方法提取的效果最好,其次是V-B特征关系,B分量阈值法提取精度最低。     

应用Kalman滤波实时求解硬件延迟

采用均方根信息滤波(SRIF)方法,对IGS站实时观测数据进行了单历元解算,以便将卫星钟差等相关信息及时播发给用户,以进行实时精密定位。试验结果表明,GPS实时单历元解算的精密卫星钟差与IGS事后精密钟差相比,互差优于0.2ns,其精度与国际IGS各分析中心估计的卫星钟差精度相当。