Composition of the water accommodated fractions as a function of exposure times and temperatures

The water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of nine oils in seawater have been studied. The oils range from light condensate to heavy crude, and include one highly biodegraded oil and one very wax rich oil. This study has identified large variations in the chemical composition of WAFs, depending on oil type, temperature, and mixing time. Experiments at different temperatures (2-13 °C) showed that it takes longer time to reach equilibrium at the lowest temperatures, and that this varies for the different oil types. Oils with higher pour point (wax rich oils) need a longer time to establish WAF in equilibrium than oils with lower pour points (naphthenic oils). At 13 °C a mixing time of 48 h, as recommended in standard procedures, seems to be sufficient for asphalthenic and paraffinic oils. The results demonstrated that for WAF prepared from an unknown oil, or at lower temperatures, different mixing times should be tested. Since the WAF often is used in toxicity testing, the toxicity might be underestimated if the mixing time is too short.     

采煤塌陷对土壤质量的影响效应及保护技术

采煤塌陷对土壤质量具有显著的影响效应。该文分析采煤塌陷对矿区土壤构型、土壤物理性质、土壤水分运移以及土壤养分运移的影响效应,阐述了采煤塌陷与土壤质量的关系,建立采煤塌陷对矿区土壤质量的影响效应模式,提出保护采煤塌陷区土壤质量的技术途径和措施。     

Measurement system for systematic hydrological characterization of unsaturated fractured welded tuff in a mined underground tunnel

A field investigation of unsaturated flow through a lithophysal unit of fractured welded tuff containing lithophysal cavities has been initiated. To characterize flow in this spatially heterogeneous medium, a systematic approach has been developed to perform tests in boreholes drilled at regular intervals in an underground tunnel (drift). The purpose of the testing is to quantify the amounts of water seeping into the drift versus the amount of water moving around the drift when released into boreholes at many equidistant locations along the drift. In this paper, we describe the test equipment system that has been built for this purpose. Because the field-scale measurements--of liquid flow in the unsaturated, fractured rocks--require continuous testing for periods of days to weeks, the control of test equipment has been fully automated, allowing operation with no human presence at the field site. Preliminary results from the first set of tests indicate that, while the effects of evaporation on characterization of hydrological properties of the rock can be significant, these effects can be controlled and quantified. These tests give insight into the role of the cavities as potential storage during the initial transient flow prior to the breakthrough of water at the drift crown, as well as the role of connected fractures that provide the subsequent quasi-steady flow. In addition to the stated purpose of realizing the flow partitioning, the results yield values for the effective porosity in the pathways for liquid flow in the regions tested thus far.     

矿泉水中微量元素锶富集的地球化学环境

本文通过对全国566处富含锶(Sr)矿泉水的化学测试数据、所处的地球化学环境、地质背景的分析,重点阐述了微量元素Sr的富集与含水介质岩性的关系,并概括了矿泉水中Sr富集的地球化学特征。认为富含Sr矿泉水的形成与不同含水介质岩性和Sr的丰度等地球化学环境密切相关。矿泉水中Sr富集的最有利的环境是碳酸盐岩地层,其次是碎屑岩地层。研究表明,HCO3-Ca型的矿泉水分布最广,但Sr含量普遍偏低。各种重碳酸型的矿泉水中Sr的平均含量均小于1mg,L;相反,由于Sr^2 和SO4^2-呈正相关关系,各种硫酸型的矿泉水中Sr的平均含量大于1mg/L。地下水中的pH值能影响Sr的迁移能力,含Sr的矿泉水pH值多集中在7∽8．5之间。     

Fluid Dark Matter

Dark matter modeled as a classical scalar field that interacts only with gravity and with itself by a potential that is close to quartic at large field values and approaches a quadratic form when the field is small would be gravitationally produced by inflation and, at the present epoch, could act like an ideal fluid with pressure that is a function only of the mass density. This could have observationally interesting effects on the core radii and solid-body rotation of dark matter halos and on the low-mass end of the primeval mass fluctuation power spectrum.     

大柳塔采煤塌陷区土壤含水量的空间变异特征分析

通过研究采煤塌陷区土壤水空间分布及动态变化特征,查明了采煤塌陷对土壤含水量的影响,这对矿区生态环境保护、塌陷区土地复垦等具有重要指导意义。以大柳塔双沟采煤塌陷区为试验区,利用传统统计学和地统计学方法分析了采煤塌陷条件下的包气带土壤水空间变异特征。研究结果表明:由于采煤塌陷造成塌陷区土壤层位在垂向上倒置、重组,引起土壤粒度、容重、孔隙度等土壤物理特性的改变,使塌陷区土壤含水量比非塌陷区显著降低,在不同深度层（0~60 cm）分别减少14.2%~21.9%;在垂向分布上塌陷区土壤水分也表现出较强的变异性,其离散系数在不同深度（0~60 cm）与非塌陷区的差值在19.2%~50%之间。根据试验区0 cm、20 cm、40 cm、60 cm四个层面土壤含水量的Kriging插值等值线图显示,土壤含水量低值区均位于塌陷区内的塌陷坑部位,证明地表的地裂缝、塌陷坑、塌陷洞等塌陷形态对土壤持水能力的影响颇为显著。采煤塌陷区土壤含水量降低、空间变异性增强直接导致了地表植被生存环境的恶化,地表景观被严重破坏。     

基于MODIS卫星数据的中亚地区水体动态监测研究

水体动态监测是当今资源与环境变化研究的一个热点与重点。及时、准确地获得水体变化信息是对湿地资源保护、利用和可持续发展的有力支持,而遥感技术的快速、周期性等特点为湿地变化监测提供了技术手段。本文的研究区是中亚地区,结合该地区的光谱和时相特征,利用三个时相的MODIS数据,采用监督分类以及人工解译等方法获取了研究区水体分布以及变化信息,并从自然和人为两方面原因对咸水湖泊、淡水湖泊以及含水沟渠的变化情况进行进一步分析评价。