The contribution of spaceborne SAR and optical data in monitoring flood events: examples in northern and southern France

This paper demonstrates the utility of satellite remote sensing data in water management, and particularly, for flood monitoring and impact analysis. Satellite-derived data can provide timely geographical data from which water body extent in normal and flood regimes can be ascertained. Combined with exogenous and historical data, within a GIS, these can provide information useful for flood prevention decision making. The recent French Alsation, Camargue and Vaison la Romaine floods are taken to illustrate the utility of satellite remote sensing. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

THE INFLUENCE OF RAINFALL ON TRANSPORT OF BEACH SAND BY WIND

This paper deals with the effect of rainfall on the process of wind erosion of beach sands and presents results from both field and wind tunnel experiments. Although sediment transport by splash is of secondary importance on coastal dunes, splash–saltation processes can move sediments in conditions where no motion is predicted by aeolian processes. The effect of raindrop impact on the movement of soil particles by wind was measured on a sand beach plain using an acoustic sediment sampler. In general, an increase of particle movement by wind at the sensor heights was observed during rainfall. Rainfall also affected the wind erosion process during and after rain by changing the cohesive conditions of the surface. The influence of the surface moisture content on the initiation of wind erosion and on the vertical distribution of transported sand particles was studied in a wind tunnel. Moisture significantly increased threshold wind velocities for the initiation of sediment transport and modified vertical sediment profiles.     

LISEM: A SINGLE-EVENT PHYSICALLY BASED HYDROLOGICAL AND SOIL EROSION MODEL FOR DRAINAGE BASINS. I: THEORY,INPUT AND OUTPUT

A new physically based hydrological and soil erosion model has been developed, which can be used for planning and conservation purposes: the LImburg Soil Erosion Model (LISEM). The LISEM model is one of the first examples of a physically based model that is completely incorporated in a raster Geographical Information System. This incorporation facilitates easy application in larger catchments, improves the user friendliness by avoiding conversion routines and allows remotely sensed data to be used. Processes incorporated in the model are rainfall, interception, surface storage in micro-depressions, infiltration and vertical movement of water in the soil, overland flow, channel flow, detachment by rainfall and throughfall, detachment by overland flow and transport capacity of the flow. Special attention has been given to the influence of tractor wheelings, small roads and surface sealing. Vertical movement of water in the soil is simulated using the Richard's equation. Optionally, the user can choose the Holtan or the Green–Ampt infiltration model. For the distribution flow routing, a four-point finite-difference solution of the kinematic wave is used together with Manning's equation.     

首次在中国发现的矿物

本文主要内容是根据作者近期发表在英文杂志《岩石与矿物》上的同名文章译成的,它追述了在中国发现的新矿物种（类）的基本历史。列出了在中华人民共和国发现的99种矿物的名字及其发现地点和文献出处。本文修正了英语文献中的大量错误,从语言学角度介绍了矿物学在英文和中文交流之间存在的困难。作者为中文稿增加了一些新内容,更新了几处发现地的资料,还增加了一个新矿物：碲锌（铁）石（Zineospiroffite）,它发表在英文稿付印之后。本文按化学组成和年代顺序对中国发现的新矿物进行了分析。所有列出的新矿物都是经过IMA-CNMMN批准的或者是“祖先级”（“grandfathered”）的矿物,只有一个是没有被批准的矿物。新矿物是按英文字母的顺序排列的。     

HOW AND WHERE TO SEARCH THE OLDEST MAN IN CHINA.

During the summer of 1923, we were so lucky F. Licent and myself as to get, in three different places, the first records of the palaeolithic Man in China.     

Notes on Continental Geology

Over a continental area, the sediments are mostly found, either asoriginally spread by water along the slopes (gravels or loams: fan-deposits), or as accumulated by streams in the bottom of the basins(lake-deposits, or fluvial plains), either as disseminated by wind (sand-dunes and loess deposits).     

A NEW APPROACH TO CONFIRMATION BY INFRARED SPECTROMETRY

In the series of analytical techniques for identification of chemical substances,infrared spectrometrypresents by far the highest information content.However,the information is most complicated too.Itconcerns a multitude of band positions,band intensities and band shapes,which,moreover,can bedisturbed by matrix and other effects.The high redundancy,however,allows conclusions to be made bya qualitative,subjective procedure.IR is often used to prove the equality between a sample and a reference material,e.g.in quality controlof a production process.In forensic control,the question to be answered is mostly not to prove equality,but whether or not the presence of a compound in a sample,e.g.a drug,can be proved.Moreover,testinghas to be performed according to objective rules.To fulfil these requirements,a new retrieval algorithm,the‘Adequate Peaks Search’,is presented.Itconcerns representing the reference spectra by sets of adequate peak positions and the sample spectrumby a set of all peak positions,whereafter the cross-sections of the sample set and the reference sets aredetermined.The concept‘adequate peak’is defined and criteria have been formulated to evaluate theresults into a positive(presence of the analyte is proved) or negative(presence is not proved)conclusion.The detection limit when the Adequate Peaks Search(APS)method was applied was four to seven timeslower than that attained by a number of experts.     

高原夏季风指数的定义及其特征分析

基于1958~2002年ECMWF再分析资料,我国160个台站降水和气温资料,从夏季高原季风环流系统特点出发,定义了能较好表征高原夏季风环流变化的特征指数,分析了高原夏季风年际、年代际变化特征,并揭示了高原夏季风强弱异常时的环流特征及其与中国夏季降水和气温的关系,主要结论为:(1)用6~8月600hPa(27.5~30°N,80~100°E)范围内平均的西风分量距平与(35~37.5°N,80~100°E)范围内平均的东风分量距平差定义了高原夏季风指数(PM I)。该指数计算简单,意义清楚,代表性好。(2)1958~2002年高原夏季风整体呈增强趋势,在20世纪60年代中期之前是高原夏季风的强盛期,之后是高原夏季风弱期,在80年代以后又转为季风强期。(3)高原夏季风与中国夏季降水和气温相关很好。将该指数与之前汤懋苍定义的指数进行性能综合比较后,发现该指数对川渝地区的夏季降水及气温有更好的指示意义。     

Use of satellite communication of hydrometric data for the whole of Brazil

Abstract

The difficulties of exploiting the huge Brazilian hydrometeorological network led hydrologists of the Departamento Nacional de Águas e Energie Elétrica (DNAEE—Brazilian Department of Water and Electric Power) to use real time satellite telecommunications to improve network management. Data-gathering satellites, which are perfectly adapted to this network, were first used in 1975 and have interested DNAEE since 1980. Collaboration with ORSTOM permitted an initial evaluation of the technique in 1982. In 1984 DNAEE, together with ORSTOM, was able to set up a 20-station network in the Amazon. The results have been so encouraging that a scheme for 200 stations equipped with telecommunications facilities which use the Brazilian Satélite de Colecta de Dados number 1 (SCD1) satellite is in the final stages. This network will cover the entire country.