Does the invisible hand have a green thumb? Incentives, linkages, and the creation of wealth out of industrial waste in Victorian England

'Loop closing', that is, the creation of waste recycling linkages between different industries, has been hailed as a means of simultaneously achieving improved economic and environmental performance. As a result of the widespread assumption that traditional market incentives and institutions are not conducive to such an outcome, however, there remains a fair amount of scepticism as to what the capacity of business self-interest to promote this behaviour actually is. This article challenges the dominant negative perspective by discussing by-product development in one of the most market-oriented societies in human history, Victorian England. Building on nineteenth and early twentieth century writings on the topic, as well as a more detailed analysis of the development of valuable by-products from highly problematic iron and coal gas production residuals, a case is made that the search for increased profitability within the context of private property rights often simultaneously promoted economic and environmental progress in the long run, as well as on different geographical scales.     

不同温度下罗非鱼人工感染海豚链球菌后血液生化指标及组织病理

在28℃、33℃两种温度下,用海豚链球菌人工感染尼罗罗非鱼后,测定尼罗罗非鱼血液生化指标。结果显示:两个温度水平病鱼的血清总蛋白(TP)随时间延长都呈现升高趋势;谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性随时间延长先升高后降低再升高,33℃实验组ALT、AST活性比28℃实验组达峰值时间短,并显著高于对照组(p<0.05);尿素、钾(K+)含量随时间延长逐渐升高后降低,钠(Na+)含量先升高后降低再升高,肌酐含量呈上升趋势;血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性28℃实验组呈先升高后降低趋势,33℃实验组呈升高趋势;超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性随时间延长先升高后降低再升高,33℃实验组各个时间点基本高于28℃实验组;球蛋白(GLO)随感染后时间延长呈现升高趋势,至120 h,显著高于对照组(p<0.05),但温度组间各时间点没有显著差异(p>0.05)。组织病理学观察发现,33℃实验组肝细胞、肾小管上皮细胞水肿变性;28℃实验组肝细胞出现嗜酸性小体;肾小管上皮细胞出现嗜酸性的红色小体,颗粒变性。表明感染海豚链球菌的尼罗罗非鱼肝脏、肾脏均有损伤,造成功能障碍,高温时损伤更严重。     

A Statistical Analysis of X1- and X2- or Higher-Class Flares during Solar Cycles 21∼23

The X1- and X2- or higher class ?ares in solar cycles 21, 22, and 23 from 1986 to 2008 have been analyzed statistically in this paper. It is found in the statistical study that the number of the X1-class ?ares accounted for 52.71% of total X- and higher class ?ares, while, the number of the X2- and higher class ?ares accounted for 47.29% of total X- and higher class ?ares. No matter whether the X1- and X2- or higher class ?ares, most of them occured in the descending phases of the solar cycles. Moreover, the weaker the intensity of the solar cycle, the higher the ratio of the ?ares occurred in the descending phase of the solar cycle, and the stronger the intensity of solar ?ares, the higher the ratio of the ?ares occurred in the descending phases of the solar cycles. In addition, the phase difference between the peak of the smoothed monthly mean number of sunspots and that of the X-class ?ares has been calculated, which shows that the smoothed monthly mean number of the X1-class ?ares had a very noticeable time advance of 1 month with respect to that of sunspots in the cycles 21 and 22, but there was a time lag of 13 months in the cycle 23, while, for the X2- and higher class ?ares, there was a time lag of 9 months in the cycle 21, but a one-month time advance existed in the cycle 22, and again a time lag of 32 months appeared in the cycle 23.     

水电项目对越南硒圣河地区社会经济发展及环境保护的影响

硒圣河是湄公河的主要分支之一,其集水区地形条件和水资源量均对水电开发十分有利。此外,无论从物种多样性还是生物量来看,硒圣河水生生物资源非常丰富。鱼类是当地人们的重要食物来源,粗略估计鱼类物种数量可能在200-300种之间,目前具有详细记录的鱼类大约为120种。截至目前,从越南境内硒圣河上游至越-柬边界总共开发了6个水电项目,兴建了一座4A级硒圣调蓄水库。流经柬埔寨的硒圣河部分,依据发展规划将兴建3座水电站,即硒圣5号电站（硒圣1号电站以下）、硒圣3号电站、硒圣2号电站。硒圣河水电项目对区域（越南和柬埔寨）社会经济的影响体现在：为地处偏远和困难的集水区创造了新的能源资源,改善了交通系统和农村地区的生活条件。与此同时,这些水电项目也对该区域自然环境产生了重大影响。例如,改变了下游流动机理变化,导致下游河道淤积,对沿河生态系统也产生了一定影响。     

四川盆地中二叠统天然气成藏特征及巨大勘探前景

近年来,在四川盆地中二叠统钻遇孔隙型白云岩储层,获得一批高产井,呈现出良好的勘探前景,但其勘探潜力如何,能否成为四川盆地继安岳气田之后又一个万亿方大气区亟待明晰。通过对烃源岩特征、沉积特征、储集特征以及成藏模式等方面的深入研究认为,中二叠统具备3套优质烃源岩供烃、孔隙型储层发育、封盖条件好的优越成藏条件,发育自生自储型和下生上储型两套成藏组合。中二叠统发育块状孔隙型白云岩储层和孔隙型灰岩岩溶储层,分布面积大,其储集性能和单井测试产量与安岳气田灯影组相当,勘探潜力巨大,是四川盆地下步寻找万亿方大气区的主要层系。     

巫溪县西溪河北岸高位高危碎屑流滑坡特征与机理研究

巫溪县构造上位于南大巴山弧形褶皱带的核心部位,八面山弧形褶皱构造带的北缘,地理上位于三峡库区奉节—巫山段北部,区内以发育近平行的褶皱构造为主,岩层中构造节理裂隙发育。区内地形切割强烈、起伏大,表现为中高山峡谷地貌,年降雨量大,地质环境条件脆弱。研究区西溪河北岸多发育高位高危碎屑流型滑坡,具有隐蔽性强、危害性大等特点。论文在Lidar影像分析、野外详查、钻探等手段的基础上,详细分析了滑坡地质环境背景、滑坡的特点及运动堆积过程,认为风化层厚度大、高陡的地形地貌、特殊的构造条件、典型的斜坡结构是滑坡发育的主要因素,持续性的降雨是滑坡发育的直接诱发因素,斜坡上部二叠系炭质灰岩、灰岩的崩落是导致斜坡中下部原本就处于孔隙水饱和状态下的志留系粉砂岩碎屑失稳并转化为碎屑流的重要因素。针对这类高位高危碎屑流型滑坡,提出了高位崩滑—高速启动—碰撞解体—高速铲刮—抛射堆积的成灾模式,为三峡库区此类滑坡的防治提供技术依据。