极端干旱沙漠中无沙埋干扰时几种固沙植物栽植试验研究

沙埋干扰是沙漠地区乡土植物生存繁殖的必要条件。在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,无沙埋干扰地段大多是高矿化度地下水埋深较浅的地段,这些地段盐渍化较重。7a定点观测和试验表明,塔里木沙漠公路沿线丘间地栽植固沙植物逐渐死亡的主要因素不是沙层水分和沙层盐分,而是高矿化度地下水埋深太浅(0.8~1.0 m),即这类地段植物死亡的原因主要是由于植物长期吸收高矿化度地下水使得体内盐分积聚过多无法调节而造成的。因此,在干旱区高矿化度地下水埋深太浅的地段,无沙埋干扰时建立固沙植被应谨慎。     

H_2O_2增效TiO_2/凹凸棒石光催化体系降解亚甲基蓝

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,天然凹凸棒石为载体,采用溶胶凝胶法制备了TiO_2/凹凸棒石复合光催化剂,并用XRD、TEM对其进行表征.以亚甲基蓝染料为模拟污染物,采用300 W汞灯为紫外光源,以光催化实验来评价该催化剂的活性,并研究了H_2O_2的引入对光催化活性的影响.实验结果表明,H_2O_2能显著提高染料的脱色效率:亚甲基蓝的初始浓度为50 mg/L,催化体系为2 mmol/L H_2O_2+0.5 g/L TiO_2/凹凸棒石+UV(紫外线),光催化10 min后其脱色率为95%,相对于单独的0.5 g/L TiO_2/凹凸棒石+UV催化体系,其脱色率提高了约50%.全波段扫描显示,加入H_2O_2后,亚甲基蓝在290 nm对应的苯环吸收蜂急剧下降,665 nm对应的最大吸收峰则近乎消失,且没有新的吸收峰产生.     

Vertical structures of PM10 and PM 2.5 and their dynamical character in low atmosphere in Beijing urban areas

The vertical structures and their dynamical character of PM2.5 and PM10 over Beijing urban areas are revealed using the 1 min mean continuous mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 at 8, 100, and 320 m heights of the meteorological observation tower of 325 m at Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP CAS tower hereafter) on 10―26 August, 2003, as well as the daily mean mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 and the continuous data of CO and NO2 at 8, 100 (low layer), 200 (middle layer), and 320 m (high layer) heights, in combination with the same period meteorological field observation data of the meteorological tower. The vertical distributions of aerosols observed on IAP CAS tower in Beijing can be roughly divided into two patterns: gradually and rapidly decreasing patterns, I.e. The vertical distribution of aerosols in calm weather or on pollution day belongs to the gradually decreasing pattern, while one on clean day or weak cold air day belongs to the rapidly decreasing pattern. The vertical distributive characters of aerosols were closely related with the dynamical/thermal structure and turbulence character of the atmosphere boundary layer. On the clean day, the low layer PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were close to those at 8 m height, while the concentrations rapidly decreased at the high layer, and their values were only one half of those at 8 m, especially, the concentration of PM2.5 dropped even more. On the clean day, there existed stronger turbulence below 150 m, aerosols were well mixed, but blocked by the more stronger inversion layer aloft, and meanwhile, at various heights, especially in the high layer, the horizontal wind speed was larger, resulting in the rapid decrease of aerosol concentration, I.e. Resulting in the obvious vertical difference of aerosol concentrations between the low and high layers. On the pollution day, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at the low, middle, and high layers dropped successively by, on average, about 10% for each layer in comparison with those at 8 m height. On pollution days, in company with the low wind speed, there existed two shallow inversion layers in the boundary layer, but aerosols might be, to some extent, mixed below the inversion layer, therefore, on the pollution day the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 dropped with height slowly; and the observational results also show that the concentrations at 320 m height were obviously high under SW and SE winds, but at other heights, the concentrations were not correlated with wind directions. The computational results of footprint analysis suggest that this was due to the fact that the 320 m height was impacted by the pollutants transfer of southerly flow from the southern peripheral heavier polluted areas, such as Baoding, and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, Tianjin, and Shandong Province, etc., while the low layer was only affected by Beijing's local pollution source. The computational results of power spectra and periods preliminarily reveal that under the condition of calm weather, the periods of PM10 concentration at various heights of the tower were on the order of minutes, while in cases of larger wind speed, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at 320 m height not only had the short periods of minute-order, but also the longer periods of hour order. Consistent with the conclusion previously drawn by Ding et al., that air pollutants at different heights and at different sites in Beijing had the character of "in-phase" variation, was also observed for the diurnal variation and mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 at various heights of the tower in this experiment, again confirming the "in-phase" temporal/spatial distributive character of air pollutants in the urban canopy of Beijing. The gentle double-peak character of the mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 was closely related with the evident/similar diurnal variation of turbulent momentum fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and turbulent kinetic energy at various heights in the urban canopy. Besides, under the condition of calm weather, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 declined with height slowly, it was 90% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, a little lesser than 90% at the middle layer, and 80% at the high layer, respectively. Under the condition of weak cold air weather, the concentration remarkably dropped with height, it was 70% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, and 20%―30% at the middle and high layers, especially the concentration of PM2.5 was even lower.     

脉冲星时间尺度及其TOA预报初步分析

在简述国际天文学会(IAU)定义的几种不同时间尺度的基础上,重点讨论脉冲星计时观测中时间坐标相对论转换问题。脉冲星计时观测资料分析应该参考地球时TT,并将TT转换为质心坐标时TCB或质心力学时TDB。基于IAU重新定义的TDB,讨论和比较了时间坐标转换的解析算法和利用太阳系天体历表的数值积分算法。分析了TCB和TDB对脉冲星自转参数测量的影响。最后,以毫秒脉冲星PSR B1855+09的计时模型为例,初步分析了脉冲星脉冲到达时间的预报问题。     

“股份+合作”土地流转模式的实践和启示——以宁阳县蒋集镇郑龙村为例

近年来,宁阳县蒋集镇郑龙村对土地流转进行了积极探索,形成了"股份+合作"的土地流转模式,这种模式有一套完整机制,取得了合作多赢的成效,并给国土资源工作一定的启示。这一模式得到国家农业部及省市有关专家充分肯定,认为是全国土地流转成功模式之一。     

海沟影响下深水海洋管线成环行为研究

在深水海洋管线的安装过程中,制造工艺的偏差和外部环境的影响易导致管线上不均匀的扭矩分布,在张力的共同作用下,管线在其触地区可能出现“成环”现象,受到严重损伤,而海洋管线的触地区也是海沟集中形成的区域。为了研究海沟对海洋管线成环行为的影响,基于OrcaFlex软件和构建海沟模型的经验公式,建立了深水悬链线立管和海沟的三维数值模型。就海沟轮廓、位置和土壤属性对立管成环行为的影响展开参数分析,并研究了不同工况下成环的临界载荷。研究表明：海沟的产生和扩展、立管相对海沟的合理位置以及土壤参数中海床表面不排水抗剪强度和吸力因子的增加,可有效降低立管成环过程中的最大压缩力和最大弯矩,从而减少成环引起的损伤;临界载荷的分析则有助于对成环的临界条件进行预测,避免成环现象的发生。     

深海无人系统大长径比环肋圆柱壳结构设计与试验研究

环肋圆柱壳是深海无人系统广泛采用的一种耐压结构形式,保障其结构安全是系统研制过程中非常重要的一环。针对环肋圆柱壳的结构特征推导了组合结构重量关系式和结构参数简化估算方法,并以一种超长型深海无人系统耐压结构为例,围绕大长径比环肋圆柱壳的结构形式、设计计算、仿真分析、模型验证等开展研究。研究表明提出的大长径比环肋圆柱壳结构设计参数简化估算方法具有较好的适应性。相关计算和分析结果可以为该型深海无人系统结构设计提供技术支撑,也可以为其他类似耐压结构设计提供参考。     

长三角地区港口腹地范围演化及其影响机制

本文尝试将海港和内河港的腹地范围演化纳入统一的研究框架。运用场强模型划分2001年、2008年和2016年长三角主要海港和内河港口的直接腹地范围,分析其演化特征,总结演化最显著的两大龙头港口——上海港和宁波港的腹地演化影响机制。结果表明：① 港口场强分布特征是以三大海港为龙头形成三大高场强集聚区。② 港口直接腹地演化最明显的特征是宁波港扩张的腹地范围基本来自上海港收缩的腹地范围。③ 上海港的直接腹地范围不断被宁波港袭夺是因为上海港通过市场主导和行政协调的机制,扩展了沿着长江布局的内河港口群水水中转的间接腹地,而非直接陆地腹地;相反,宁波港主要依靠行政机制和逐渐强化的市场力量,使直接陆地腹地范围逐渐延展到浙江全省。     

昆明城市主要街道绿化状况分析

通过对昆明城市11条主要街道的绿化状况的实际观测和563名城市居民的问卷调查所得资料的分析，发现：在所调查的主要街道中已有72.7%兴建了绿化带，大多是改造后的街道，显示了城市道路加大绿化的理念已在城市道路改造中得到了体现，并且得到了广大市民的认可，但是城市街道绿化仍存在较多问题：绿化程度不尽人意，特别是城市中心的繁华街道绿化程度仍较低，绿化树种单一，缺乏具有特色的本地树种，树龄老化现象也较突出，绿化树木种植缺乏规范性、系统性等等，距市民的期望还有较大差距。在研究分析的基础上对昆明城市街道绿化提出了建议。     

高分六号遥感卫星新增波段下的树种分类精度分析

高分六号卫星具有覆盖广、多种分辨率、波段多的优势,能为遥感解译提供更丰富的信息。为探究高分六号卫星新增波段在森林树种识别上的应用,本文以覆盖根河市阿龙山林业局的一期高分六号宽幅影像为数据源,基于特征优化空间算法（Feature Space Optimization,FSO）和最大似然分类法,分别利用高分六号的前4个波段和所有波段（8波段）的光谱、纹理等特征进行了森林树种分类,并逐一添加新增波段特征确定了各波段的贡献率排名。结果表明：在加入了优选出的均匀性纹理、均值纹理和角二阶矩纹理3种纹理特征后,前4波段和8波段的分类精度比只基于光谱特征时的精度分别高出13.23%和24.63%;利用8波段信息比只利用前4波段在基于光谱特征上的精度高11.88%,在基于光谱+纹理特征上则高23.24%;基于8波段光谱+纹理特征的树种分类精度最高,达到68.74%,新增4波段的贡献率排名为B6>B5>B8>B7,说明新增红边波段对于本次树种分类试验的贡献率最高,能为北方树种识别提供有效帮助。