汶川地震断裂带多次地震活动新证据

虹口乡八角庙出露完整的映秀—北川断裂带剖面断层岩,高分辨率磁化率测试揭示出多个具有高磁化率特征的断层岩带。系统的岩石磁学分析证明一层褐色断层岩相对围岩具有最大的磁化率值,存在新生成的磁铁矿和拥有相似的天然剩磁(NRM)和非磁滞剩磁(ARM)强度衰减过程。高磁化率特征是含铁顺磁性矿物受到断层滑移过程产生摩擦生热作用生成磁铁矿所致。同时断层岩还获得了热剩磁,记录了地震活动磁学信息。结合汶川地震科学钻探项目1号孔(WFSD-1)磁化率和岩石磁学研究结果,说明映秀—北川断裂带包含多层具有高磁化率特征的断层岩,暗示了多次强震的发生。具有高磁化率特征的断层岩可以作为判定地震活动的标志之一。     

东亚冬季风及其影响的进一步研究I.东亚冬季风变化及异常的特征

东亚冬季风是北半球冬季最活跃的大气环流系统,其活动有重要影响,其向南爆发可以越过赤道对澳大利亚夏季风起作用。但相对夏季风,人们对东亚冬季风的研究一直较少。作者首先利用Hadley中心近百年的北半球海平面气压场资料,改进提出了一个能更好表征东亚冬季风强度的指数,进一步分析研究了东亚冬季风的年际和年代际变化及其异常特征。其结果表明,东亚冬季风不仅存在着明显的年际变化,主要有准两年的振荡周期和5～7年左右的周期,还存在周期为25～30年左右以及周期为十几年的年代际变化。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用相关分析、合成分析的方法,还系统研究了东亚冬季风异常时的大气环流特征。对比分析表明,对应强、弱东亚冬季风,大尺度环流系统(蒙古高压、阿留申低压、500 hPa位势高度场等)的变化特征基本上呈反相分布;并且在强、弱东亚冬季风年,赤道地区的Hadley环流和Walker环流也出现基本反相的异常分布特征;而且赤道西太平洋有西(东)风异常出现,菲律宾以东有异常气旋(反气旋)性环流。在对异常东亚冬季风诊断分析的基础上,用一个大气环流模式（GCM）模拟了异常东亚冬季风的活动。通过对数值模拟结果的强、弱东亚冬季风进行对比分析发现,在强、弱东亚冬季风时,北半球中高纬度大气环流的结构会出现明显的变化和调整;同时,热带地区大气环流也有显著的差异。数值模拟和资料分析结果有较好的一致性,从而进一步揭示了东亚冬季风的变化和异常特征。     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> processes in an alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau

In this paper, the CO2 concentrations profile from 1.5 m depth in soil to 32 m height in atmosphere were measured from July 2000 to July 2001 in an alpine grassland ecosystem located in the permafrost area on the Tibetan Plateau, which revealed that CO2 concentrations varied greatly during this study period. Mean concentrations during the whole experiment in the atmosphere were absolutely lower than the CO2 concentrations in soil, which resulted in CO2 emissions from the alpine steppe soil to the atmosphere. The highest CO2 concentration was found at a depth of 1.5 m in soil while the lowest CO2 concentration occurred in the atmosphere. Mean CO2 concentrations in soil generally increased with depth. This was the compositive influence of the increasing soil moistures and decreasing soil pH, which induced the increasing biological activities with depth. Temporally, the CO2 concentrations at different layers in air remained a more steady state because of the atmospheric turbulent milking. During the seasonal variations, CO2 concentrations at surface soil interface showed symmetrical patterns, with the lowest accumulation of CO2 occurring in the late winter and the highest CO2 concentration in the growine seasons.     

巯基改性凹凸棒石黏土对土壤有效态镉及油菜吸收镉的影响

重金属不可降解,长期存在于土壤环境会严重影响作物安全。添加巯基改性凹凸棒石黏土(ATP-SH)到不同Cd污染程度土壤中,进行盆栽油菜实验,以石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定了土壤有效态Cd和油菜不同部位Cd的含量;采用SPSS讨论了ATP-SH添加量、土壤有效态Cd、油菜不同部位Cd的相关性;计算了油菜对Cd的富集系数及转运系数,探究了ATP-SH对土壤Cd的钝化效果及对油菜富集和转运Cd的影响。实验结果显示,添加ATP-SH后,土壤有效态Cd、油菜各部位Cd含量显著降低,土壤有效态Cd降低率为40.65%~74.27%,油菜根、茎、枝、菜籽中Cd降低率分别为29.36%~79.46%、41.44%~88.45%、43.19%~95.89%和38.02%~95.81%;ATP-SH添加量与土壤有效态Cd、油菜各部位Cd含量均呈显著或极显著负相关,土壤有效态Cd与油菜各部位Cd含量均呈显著或极显著正相关,油菜各部位之间的Cd含量存在明显正相关关系;对照组油菜根、茎、枝、菜籽对Cd的富集系数分别是实验组的1.42~4.87倍、1.71~8.66倍、1.92~24.43倍、1.61~23.76倍,油菜各部位Cd的转运系数的大小是茎＞枝＞菜籽,且茎远大于枝和菜籽,是枝和菜籽转运系数的3.5~25倍。综上,ATP-SH能降低土壤Cd的生物有效性,阻隔土壤Cd向油菜迁移。     

Geochemistry of Ore-bearing Lamprophyre from the Cu-Ni Deposit in Dhi Samir, Yemen

Magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposits are generally associated with mafic-ultramafic rocks and it has not been reported that lamprophyre is one of the surrounding rocks of Cu-Ni sulfide deposits. The Dhi Samir deposit in Yemen, however, is a rare example of Cu-Ni deposits which are hosted in lamprophyre dikes. In this paper, comprehensive research is made on petrology, petrochemistry and isotope geochemistry for Cu-Ni-bearing rocks in the Dhi Samir area and the results show that dark rocks related to Cu-Ni orebodies are sodium-weak potassium and belong to calc-alkaline series lamprophyre, especially camptonite, characterized by enriched alkali, iron and titanium. In these rocks large-ion-lithophile elements are obviously concentrated, while high field strength elements slightly depleted, showing clear negative anomalies of Ta and Nb, and weak deficiency of Ti. The SREE is very high (225.67-290.05 ppm) and the REE partition curves are flat and right-inclined, featuring a LREE-enriched pattern with low negative Eu anomalies. Study of magmatic source areas indicates that the rocks have low (87Sr/86Sr) and high εNd(t), and the magmas were probably derived from the enriched mantle I (EM-I) end-member. Based on the LA-ICPMS on zircon U-Pb isotope dating, the lamprophyre in the Dhi Samir mining area has an age of 602±2.6 Ma, indicating that the rock was formed in the late Proterozoic and in an intraplate setting due to magmatism of an extensional environment in the post-Pan-Africa orogeny.     

东昆仑东段布青山地区上二叠统格曲组物源分析及其构造意义

对东昆仑东段布青山得力斯坦地区出露的上二叠统格曲组砾岩层进行砾石成分、砾度统计及系统的LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb年龄谱分析。结果表明,格曲组砾岩层砾石成分以石英岩和花岗岩为主,硅质岩和基性岩次之,砂岩和灰岩较少,砾石的分散系数为1.54~2.02,该套砾岩为近源快速堆积的产物。砾岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄可分为3组:1早奥陶世—晚志留世年龄组为499~409Ma,峰值年龄为426Ma,对应早古生代末期原特提斯洋向北俯冲碰撞产生的一系列构造岩浆事件;2新元古代年龄组为744~619Ma,峰值年龄为744Ma,对应于全球Rodinia超大陆裂解事件;3古元古代年龄组为2443Ma,对应东昆仑地区古元古代构造岩浆热事件。结合碎屑锆石年龄及沉积学特征综合分析,花岗质砾石来源于北侧东昆仑造山带加里东期岩浆弧,沉积岩砾石则可能来自造山带早期的沉积地层,石英岩及其他变质岩砾石则多来自东昆仑基底变质岩系。综合判别,格曲组为一套沉积于活动大陆边缘环境的滨浅海相磨拉石建造,代表南侧古特提斯洋向北俯冲开始的构造阶段,是初始俯冲的沉积构造响应。     

基于文献计量方法的国际地理科学研究机构竞争力分析

本文利用2000-2015年WOS（Web of Science）的原始数据,以科研产出为视角,基于文献计量法,运用信息检索技术和TDA等引文分析工具,对遴选出的13个国际上具代表性的地理科学研究机构（中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所、北京大学城市与环境学院、北京师范大学地理与遥感学院、牛津大学地理与环境学院、剑桥大学地理系、伦敦大学联邦、加州大学系统、马里兰大学系统、杜伦大学地理系、伯明翰大学地理地球与环境科学学院、布里斯托大学地理科学学院、英属哥伦比亚大学地理系、国际应用系统分析研究所）的科研生产力、影响力、学科结构、国际合作力、重要成果等方面的发展现状进行了统计分析,结果显示,马里兰大学系统地理系总体学科影响力相对较强。中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所SCI&SSCI论文总数以绝对优势占居领先地位,但被引用情况却不尽人意,这也从一个侧面反映出学术影响力提升空间较大;与此同时,随着国际合作范围的扩展和国际合作能力的不断提升,该研究所的前沿开拓与创新发展力逐步走强。     

重庆市南川区南部岩溶地下水水文地球化学特征

以重庆市南川区南部地区岩溶地下水为研究对象,通过野外调查和取样测试分析,对研究区内149件地下水样品进行水化学常规分析和微量重金属元素分析,结果表明:研究区内地下水化学类型以HCO 3-Ca·Mg、HCO 3-Ca和HCO 3-SO 4-Ca型为主.地下水中主要阴阳离子HCO-3、SO 2-4、Ca2+和Mg2+浓度均表现出与含水岩组相对应的关系,即碳酸盐岩类岩溶水>碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩水>碎屑岩水.地下水中Mg2+/Ca2+摩尔比值表明研究区内绝大部分地下水径流过程中以方解石和白云石的共同溶解为主.地下水中微量重金属元素含量整体偏低,绝大部分水质都在Ⅲ类水标准以内,只有极个别点受到污染导致部分重金属组分偏高.     

3维地籍数据库变更测量方法研究

为了进一步查清城市土地的权属、位置、面积、用途等基本情况,掌握真实的土地基础数据,建立和完善城市土地调查、土地统计和土地登记制度,实现土地资源信息的社会化服务,为建立科学的城市国土资源管理与评价体系提供详实的基础数据,需要开展3维地籍数据库更新与维护,以保证地籍数据库的真实性、现势性,满足城市国土资源管理工作和经济社会发展的需要。     

Adaptive finite element modeling of marine controlled-source electromagnetic fields in two-dimensional general anisotropic media

In this paper, we extend the scope of numerical simulations of marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) fields in a particular case of anisotropy (dipping anisotropy) to the general case of anisotropy by using an adaptive finite element approach. In comparison to a dipping anisotropy case, the first order spatial derivatives of the strike-parallel components arise in the partial differential equations for generally anisotropic media, which cause a non-symmetric linear system of equations for finite element modeling. The adaptive finite element method is employed to obtain numerical solutions on a sequence of refined unstructured triangular meshes, which allows for arbitrary model geometries including bathymetry and dipping layers. Numerical results of a 2D anisotropic model show both anisotropy strike and dipping angles have great influence on the marine CSEM responses.