Calcium Isotopic Compositions of Sixteen USGS Reference Materials

Calcium isotopic compositions of sixteen Ca‐bearing USGS geological reference materials including igneous and sedimentary rocks are reported. Calcium isotopic compositions were determined in two laboratories (GPMR, State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan; and CIG, Centre for Isotope Geochemistry, University of California, Berkeley) using the ⁴²Ca‐⁴⁸Ca double‐spike technique by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. As opposed to common cation exchange resin, a micro‐column filled with Ca‐selective resin (DGA resin) was used in order to achieve high recovery (> 96%) and efficient separation of Ca from the sample matrix. The intermediate measurement precision was evaluated at 0.14‰ (2s) for δ^44/40Ca_SRM915a at GPMR, based on replicate measurements of pure Ca reference material NIST SRM 915a, NIST SRM 915b and seawater. Overall, the measurement uncertainties in both laboratories were better than 0.15‰ at the 2s level. Result validation was carried out for all available data sets. The Ca isotopic compositions of USGS reference materials are not only in agreement between GPMR and CIG, but also in agreement with previously published data within quoted uncertainties. The comprehensive data set reported in this study serves as a reference for both quality assurance and interlaboratory comparison of high precision Ca isotopic study.     

Mapping and detection of land use change in a coal mining area using object-based image analysis

Object-based image analysis was used to map land use in the Panxie coal mining area, East China, where long-term underground coal mines have been exploited since the 1980s. A rule-based classification approach was developed for a Pleiades image to identify the desired land use classes, and the same rule-based classification strategies, after the threshold values had been modified slightly, were applied to the Landsat series images. Five land use classes were successfully captured with overall accuracies of between 80 and 94%. The classification approach was validated for its flexibility and robustness. Multitemporal classification results indicated that land use changed considerably in the Panxie coal mining area from 1989 to 2013. The urban, coal and coal gangue, and water areas increased rapidly in line with the growth in mine production. Urban areas increased from 9.38 to 20.92% and showed a tendency to increase around the coal mines. From 1989 to 2013 the coal and coal gangue area increased by 40-fold, from 0.02 to 0.58%. Similarly, the water area increased from 2.77 to 7.84% over this time period, mainly attributable to the spread of waterlogged areas. The waterlogged areas increased to about 2900 ha in 2013, which was about 80 times more than their area in 1989. In contrast, the area of cultivated land was negatively related to the increase in mine production and decreased from 73.11 to 57.25%. The results of this study provide a valuable basis for sustainable land management and environmental planning in the Panxie coal mining area.     

科尔沁沙地草地植被对围封和放牧的响应

研究了科尔沁沙地疏林草地、针茅草原和草甸植被盖度、地上和地下生物量、物种多样性对围封和放牧的响应。结果表明：（1）围封与放牧草地的优势植物不同,围封草地植物群落优势植物为多年生禾本科植物,放牧草地中一年生植物和小半灌木优势明显。（2）围封和放牧草地的植物盖度、凋落物量、地上生物量和物种丰富度存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高了植被盖度和地上生物量,由疏林草地、针茅草原到草甸,植物盖度和地上生物量逐渐增加,而3种草地植被凋落物量大小顺序为针茅草原> 疏林草地> 草甸;放牧条件下植物盖度、凋落物量和物种丰富度差异不显著（P>0.05）。（3）3种草地之间的地下生物量无显著差异（P>0.05）,但围封与放牧之间、不同土壤层次之间地下生物量存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高草地的地下生物量（P<0.05）;草地地下生物量随着土壤深度表现出下降趋势（P<0.05）。长期放牧增加了草地一年生植物和小半灌木植物的优势,消除了不同草地之间植被盖度和物种丰富度的差异;而围封能提高草地多年生禾本科植物的优势、增加其物种丰富度,对于草地质量和植物多样性的恢复和保育具有积极作用。     

河套永济灌域土壤酸碱性与养分元素的关系

为了探讨干旱区灌区不同土地利用方式下盐碱化土壤剖面pH值与土壤水分和养分之间的关系,测定河套永济灌域荒地、林地、农田3种土地利用方式下0~20、20~40、40~60、60~80、80~100 cm剖面土壤pH值、含水率（SMC）、有机质（OM）、总氮（TN）、Zn、Cu的含量。结果表明：土壤pH值平均值为9.13;土壤含水率2.96%~31.35%;土壤OM、TN含量平均值分别为11.30、0.49 g·kg^-1;微量营养元素Zn、Cu平均值分别为107.20、32.78 mg·kg^-1,是相应背景值的1.9、1.7倍;3种土地利用方式下,土壤pH值差异性极显著（P<0.001）,高低顺序为荒地 > 农田 > 林地,在垂直剖面含量差异并不显著（P>0.05）;3种土地利用方式下,土壤pH值主要受TN含量的影响,回归方程为Y_pH=9.336-0.409X_TN（P=0.001）;表层（0~40 cm）土壤pH值在一定程度上受Cu含量的影响,回归方程为Y_pH=0.018 X_Cu+8.523（P=0.003）。在河套永济灌域,一方面土壤碱化会导致土壤养分含量的贫瘠,另一方面施肥等农业活动在一定程度上降低了土壤表层碱性,同时造成微量元素的累积,加重土壤碱性的作用也非常显著,因此在增加农业投入的同时应合理科学地施用农药化肥。     

影响松潘地区深反射地震数据品质的几种因素

深反射地震剖面技术是揭示岩石圈精细结构的有效手段,获得高质量的原始资料是揭示岩石圈精细结构探讨地球动力学过程的前提和基础.松潘地块地表条件和地下地质构造复杂,资料信噪比低.本文针对松潘地区地表地质条件、激发接收条件及环境等因素,通过实例数据对比分析影响该工区原始单炮记录品质的主要原因,为反射地震勘探数据采集工作提供几点参考和建议.     

Ground motion attenuation of M_s8.0 Wenchuan earthquake

The great MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake has been the most destructive earthquake since 1949 in China. The earthquake occurred no more than half a year after the establishment of the National Strong Motion Observation Network System (NSMONS) of China; what is more, the epicenter was located in the area with dense strong motion observation stations so that a large number of strong motion records of the main shock were obtained. In this paper, 501 strong motion records from 167 observation stations are utilized to...     

基于投入产出模型的大型活动对举办地的经济影响——以广交会为例

事件活动的经济影响评估是国外近20 年来的研究热点,然而近年来遭到很多质疑和争论,国内在该领域的理论和实证研究仍处于起步阶段。一年两届的广交会对举办城市具有持续的深远影响,是城市大型活动的典范。本研究以104 与105 届广交会为案例,采用问卷调查及深度访谈法收集广交会所有参与者的消费支出与结构,并运用投入产出模型评估广交会对广州市间接经济影响。结论表明城市定期举办的大型商务活动对举办地的许多产业部门具有很强的拉动效应,对当地经济产生明显的持续性的经济效应;一届广交会对广州市的直接与间接效应合计163.24 亿元,其中直接经济效应55.26 亿元,间接经济效应为107.98 亿元,直接与间接效应之比为1:1.95;2008 年104 届广交会的直接与间接效应总和占广州市全年GDP的1.98%;参与者对广州的经济拉动作用依次为采购商、参展企业、参展个人、承办方、交易团。此外,本文还特别就研究结论存有高估或低估倾向进行了探究。     

利用GIS和模糊层次分析法的南极考察站选址研究

南极考察站选址问题关系南极考察站的安全、功能和运行效率。从科考兴趣、环境条件、后勤保障和地形条件四个方面构建南极考察站选址指标体系,将GIS和模糊层次分析法集成构建一种新的数学模型,用于确定南极考察站建立的适宜性区域,实现选址评价。在对已建南极考察站选址分析的基础上进行了模型验证,得到模型的准确度为98.89%,证明此模型具有较高的准确性和较好的适用性。     

一种改进的隧道盾构机姿态确定方法

在地铁隧道建设中,盾构施工日益普及,对盾构机姿态的精确定位是确保地铁贯通的必要条件。本文在分析与比较当前盾构机姿态确定主要方法与手段的基础上,结合三点法原理与建模理论,融合点面模型构建思想,提出了一种改进的三点法姿态确定方法,给出了该方法的数学模型,并用C#汇编语言实现了盾首和盾尾中心坐标的自动计算。结合深圳地铁某区间隧道,验证了该模型的工程应用与优势。