Effects of Hypoxia on Dopamine Concentration and the Immune Response of White Shrimp （Litopenaeus vannamei）

Effects of hypoxia on the dopamine concentration and the immune response of White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were studied. The results showed that hypoxia had significant effects on the concentration of dopamine (DA) in the haemolymph, haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, phagocytic activity of haemocytes and bacteriolytic and antibacterial activity in the haemolvmph (P<0.05). The concentration of the dopamine in haemolymph reached its maximum in the 3.0 and 1.5mgL-1 DO groups at 12h and 6h, and then returned to normal after 24h and 12h, respectively. All immune parameters decreased with the reduction of dissolved oxygen. Total haemocyte count (THC), the hyaline cells and semi-granular cells in the 3.0mgL-1 DO group became stable after 12h,while granular cells did so after 24h, The THC and different haemocyte count (DHC) in the 1.5mgL-1 DO group became stable alter 24h. Phenoloxidase activity and bacteriolytic activity in the 3.0 and 1.5mgL-1 DO groups reached their stable levels after 24 h and 12 h respectively, while phagocytic activity and antibacterial activity became stable after 24 and 12, and 36 and 24 It, respec-tively. It was also indicated that the changes of dopamine concentrations in haemolymph, haemocyte count and phenoloxidase activ-ity were obviously related to the exposure time under hypoxic conditions.     

Detection of the end point temperature of thermal denatured protein in fish and chicken meat through SDS-PAGE electrophoresis

Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was applied in the detection of the end point temperature (EPT) of thermal denatured protein in fish and meat in this study. It was also used in studying the thermal denatured temperature range of proteins in salmon and chicken meat. The results show that the temperature ranges of denatured proteins were from 65 ℃ to 75 ℃ , and these temperature ranges were influenced by the processing methods. Through SDS-PAGE, the features of repeated he...     

Comparisons of several evaporation/precipitation datasets for the Bohai Sea based on salinity simulation

Evaporation (E) rate and precipitation (P) rate are two significant meteorological elements required in the ocean baroclinic modeling as external forcings. However, there are some uncertainties in the currently used E/P rates datasets, especially in terms of the data quality. In this study, we collected E/P rates data from ERA-40, NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, HOAPS for the Bohai Sea and nine routine stations around Laizhou Bay, and made comparisons among them. It was found that the differences in E/P rates between land and sea are remarkable, which was due to the difference in underlying surfaces. Therefore, the traditional way of using E/P rates acquired on land directly at sea is not correct. Since no final conclusion has been reached concerning the net water transport between the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, it is unfeasible to judge the adequacy of the four kinds of data by using the water budget equation. However, the E/P rates at ERA-40 sea points were considered to be the optimal in terms of temporal/spatial coverage and resolution for the hindcast of salinity variation in the Bohai Sea. Besides, using the 3-D hydrodynamic model HAMSOM (HAMburg Shelf Ocean Model), we performed numerical experiments with different E/P datasets and found that the E/P rates at sea points from ERA-40 dataset are better than those from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis dataset. If NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis E/P rates are to be used, they need to be adjusted and tested prior to simulation so that more close-to-reality salinity values can be reproduced.     

台风对海洋叶绿素a浓度影响的定量遥感初探

研究台风对海洋水色环境的影响,是目前海洋遥感技术又一应用领域。由于台风期间天气恶劣,遥感资料较少,国际上主要针对个别典型台风,研究其对海表温度、海洋叶绿素a浓度及初级生产力的影响,很少通过遥感资料系统地对这一影响进行定量分析和建模。自2000到2007年,过境中国近海以及西北太平洋海域台风近百次,作者通过系统地分析这期间MODIS,SeaWiFS的3A级叶绿素a浓度数据,结果发现:(1)台风促进了相应海域叶绿素a浓度的大幅增长,总体上平均增长约1.426倍,个别区域在5倍以上,同时,该增长一般延后3~6d,在7~10d后恢复到原来的水平;(2)进一步对这些数据进行一元统计线性回归,发现叶绿素a浓度增长比(R_chl-a)与台风影响因子(Tsub>w)满足如下关系:R_chl-a=0.0012Tsub>w+1.017,其相关系数达0.8;(3)台风期间叶绿素a浓度与无台风时叶绿素a浓度之间有很强的线性关系,其关系满足:C_chl-a=1.2367C_0chl-a+0.0636,且相关系数高达0.98。这一初步研究结果对进一步通过遥感手段深入研究台风对海洋水色环境的影响有借鉴意义。     

The black water around the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary in the spring of 2003

The Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary is located in the East China Sea shelf with shallow water. Affected by the tide mixing and the runoff of the Changjiang River and the Qiantang River, the turbidity is very high. Generally, the water-leaving radiance is high in the turbid water because of the large particle scattering. Based on the in-situ data and ocean color remote sensing data of SeaWiFS, it was found that there was a black water region with the normalized water-leaving radiances less than 0.5 mW/(cm2·μm2·...     

Sediment texture and grain-size implications: the Changjiang subaqueous delta

Sediment cores were collected from the subaqueous delta of the Changjiang Estuary. Sediment grain-size profiles and their fractal dimensions were analyzed, to elucidate responses to long-term sedimentary processes. In addition, the environmental sensitive populations of grain size have been extracted. The sediment cores can be divided into two parts, according to the sedimentary structures present. The upper part (0-12 cm) is interpreted as being the active layer, which is influenced frequently by changes i...     

利用卫星云图资料制作热带气旋预报路径的一种算法

根据台风生成后在云场中移动的环境条件,引入一个环境作用于台风中心的热力梯度力方向,用该热力梯度力方向与当前台风的移动方向相结合,研究台风移动过程的变化规律,寻找一种简易可行的台风路径预报方法．经过多年实践,本文揭示出台风中心未来沿着当前移动方向与环境作用于台风中心的热力方向合成移动的基本规律：当前台风中心移向与前方晴空区中轴线相交时,台风沿着当前移向前进到与阻挡轴线相交点相距4个纬距的位置时便发生偏转,逐渐与阻挡轴线走向趋于一致;若当前台风中心距相交点的距离小于或等于4个纬距时,则从当前位置发生偏转．文中利用以上规律研制出台风移向变化方程和移动轨迹方程．     

嵊泗海域大气总悬浮颗粒物的特征

以嵊泗海域为研究区域,研究了该区域大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)含量及TSP中重金属含量随季节变化的特征,通过对TSP中各重金属元素的相关系数、富集因子以及气象要素的分析来判断重金属的来源.结果表明:冬季该海域TSP含量最大,为夏季的4倍之多,季节变化很显著;冬季该海域TSP中重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd)含量最高,秋、春季次之,夏季最低.冬季Cu、Pb和Cd含量分别为夏季的17、27和27倍.TSP含量和TSP中的Cu、Pb、Cd含量的相关性不强,或基本不相关;但Cu、Pb、Cd含量之间的相关系数却很大,其中Pb与Cd含量的相关系数达到了0.95,说明它们的关系密切,可能来自同一个源.富集因子由大到小对应的3种重金属依次为Cd、Pb和Cu.从富集因子年平均值来看,Cu、Pb、Cd都被富集;冬季3种重金属都被严重富集,夏季3种重金属都没有被富集.冬季,嵊泗群岛盛行西北风且风速很大,非常有利于把上海及其周边城市的污染物输送到嵊泗海域,造成冬季该海域的TSP中重金属含量严重富集;春季,嵊泗群岛盛行的风向开始转变为东南风,风从海洋吹向大陆,所以春季该海域TSP中重金属含量急剧减少;夏季,嵊泗群岛的风向转变为东风,风还是从海洋吹向大陆,加之夏季是1年中降雨量最多的季节,加速了TSP中重金属的沉降速度,致使夏季该海域TSP中3种重金属含量都达到了最低值;秋季,嵊泗群岛的风向又转变为西北风,有利于陆源污染物的传输,虽然风速小于冬季,但依然造成重金属含量的严重富集.可以推断,嵊泗海域的TSP中重金属主要来源于上海及其周边城市的陆源污染物.     

2006年夏冬季长江口、杭州湾及邻近海域表层海水溶解态重金属的平面分布特征

利用2006年夏、冬季两个航次采集的长江口、杭州湾及邻近海域表层海水水样,分别采用石墨炉无火焰原子吸收分光光度法和火焰原子吸收分光光度法,测定了海水中溶解态Cu、Pb、Cd、总Cr的含量以及溶解态Zn的含量,研究了该海域表层海水中溶解态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和总Cr的平面分布状况,结果表明:(1)夏季表层海水中溶解态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和总Cr的平均质量浓度分别为0.90、0.54、5.80、0.080和0.46 μg/dm3;冬季则分别为1.01、0.81、9.32、0.070和0.31 μg/dm3,上述重金属元素含量基本达到国家一类海水水质标准,仅夏、冬季Pb的部分站位以及冬季Zn的部分站位达到国家二类海水水质标准.(2)表层海水溶解态Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度总体平面分布规律为:冬季高于夏季;Cd和总Cr的质量浓度总体平面分布规律为:夏季高于冬季.(3)影响近岸海域表层海水溶解态重金属分布的因素比较复杂,入海径流和排污口等输入海域的重金属对海水表层的重金属分布具有决定性的作用,同时,盐度、pH值、悬浮颗粒物质、营养盐等也是重要的影响因子.