土壤生态质量地球化学综合评价初探——以“贵阳市地区多目标区域地球化学调查”成果为例

多目标区域地球化学调查,是针对第四纪覆盖区开展的以基础地质、资源潜力与生态环境等为主要内容的基础性、公益性调查与评价工作,其成果可广泛服务于资源、农业、生态及城市规划等多领域.本文在介绍多目标区域地球化学调查产生的时代背景、工作方法及全国多目标调查取得的主要成果基础上,提出了土壤生态地球化学评价的评价方法和思路,该评价结果可以为贵阳市地区土地资源宏观分等定级提供充分依据.     

表生环境下闪锌矿氧化反应模拟实验

采用混合流反应器装置,进行了表生环境条件下闪锌矿氧化动力学模拟实验研究,选择Fe³⁺和O₂为氧化剂,实验条件为:温度20～55℃,pH=1.0～7.8、氧化剂Fe³⁺浓度1.0×10^-5～1.0×10^-2 mol/L,氧气流量0.5 L/min。实验结果表明,在Fe³⁺为氧化剂时,闪锌矿氧化速率随着Fe³⁺浓度的增加、温度升高、pH值降低而增加,且氧化过程中Zn和Cd的释放速率大致相同,其反应的活化能分别为Ea(Zn) 41.75 kJ/mol或Ea(Cd) 42.51 kJ/mol,表明闪锌矿氧化速率主要受矿物表面反应控制;而以氧气作为氧化剂时,随着pH值的变化闪锌矿的氧化机理发生变化,在pH值小于5.95范围内,闪锌矿氧化速率随着pH值的增加而降低,进入碱性范围后,随着pH值增加,闪锌矿氧化速率反而增加。对实验数据进行双对数处理并建立了闪锌矿的氧化速率公式。     

Phanerozoic Paleomagnetism Characteristics of the Qomolangma Area in Tibet

This paper conducts systematic test research on the 2920 paleomagnetic directional samples taken from Ordovician-Paleogene sedimentary formation in the north slope of Qomolangma in south of Tibet and obtains the primary remanent magnetization component and counts the new data of paleomagnetism the times. Based on the characteristic remanent magnetization component, it calculates the geomagnetic pole position and latitude value of Himalaya block in Ordovician-Paleogene. According to the new data of paleomagnetism, it draws the palaeomagnetic polar wander curve and palaeolatitude change curve of the north slope of Qomolangma in Ordovician-Paleogene. It also makes a preliminary discussion to the structure evolution history and relative movement of Himalaya bloc. The research results show that many clockwise rotation movements had occurred to the Himalaya block in northern slope of Qomolangmain the process of northward drifting in the phanerozoic eon. In Ordovician-late Cretaceous, there the movement of about 20.0° clockwise rotation occurred in the process of northward drifting. However, 0.4° counterclockwise rotation occurred from the end of late Devonian epoch to the beginning of early carboniferous epoch; 6.0° and 8.0° counterclockwise rotation occurred in carboniferous period and early Triassic epoch respectively, which might be related with the tension crack of continental rift valley from late Devonian period to the beginning of early carboniferous epoch, carboniferous period and early Triassic epoch. From the Eocene epoch to Pliocene epoch, the Himalaya block generated about 28.0° clockwise while drifting northward with a relatively rapid speed. This was the result that since the Eocene epoch, due to the continuous expansion of mid-ocean ridge of the India Ocean, the neo-Tethys with the Yarlung Zangbo River as the main ocean basin closed to form orogenic movement and the strong continent-continent collision orogenic movement of the east and west Himalayas generated clockwise movement in the mid-Himalaya area. According to the calculation of palaeolatitude data, the Himalaya continent-continent collusion orogenic movement since the Eocene epoch caused the crustal structure in Indian Plate-Himalaya folded structural belt-Lhasa block to shorten by at least 1000 km. The systematic research on the paleomagnetism of Qomolangma area in the phanerozoic eon provides a scientific basis to further research the evolution of Gondwanaland, formation and extinction history of paleo-Tethys Ocean and uplift mechanism of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

坦桑尼亚基戈马卡万加地区土壤测量异常特征及地质意义

坦桑尼亚基戈马卡万加地区地处热带高原地球化学景观区,地质工作基础薄弱,选择适当范围进行1∶50 000土壤测量,从中筛选较好的异常作为工作靶区,进而开展1∶10 000土壤测量,得到了形态基本完整,不同元素叠加有序的Cu-Pb-Zn组合异常,经过地质检查和槽探工程验证,在产状稳定的泥质页岩中见到孔雀石化,并有NNE向断裂控制异常的产出,金属矿化受地层和断裂的共同控制,具有进一步工作的价值.     

柴达木盆地西部鄂博梁Ⅱ号构造深层卤水储层特征与锂硼资源富集成因

鄂博梁Ⅱ号构造是柴达木盆地西部鄂博梁Ⅰ-Ⅲ号褶皱带中的一个局部构造,在古新世—上新世以来主要为河流泛滥平原相、滨浅湖相和深湖相构造环境,在“高山深盆”的构造环境下,接受了大量造山带物源碎屑补给并赋存卤水矿床。通过对钻孔岩性、孔隙度、给水度、地球物理测井等数据进行分析,总结下油砂山组下部和干柴沟组地层是区内相对较好的深层卤水赋存层位,可作为深层卤水的重点探矿层位进一步勘查。同时,鄂博梁Ⅱ号构造钻孔深层卤水化学组成及特征系数分析结果显示,该水体为低矿化度(平均值为73.00 g/L)、Na⁺、Cl-为主的卤水,其中Li、B等元素含量达到边界品位以上,Br、I元素含量也达到或接近综合利用标准,具有较好的深层卤水找矿前景;卤水的成因为柴达木盆地周缘中新生代以来深部火山热泉补给、造山带火山岩物质风化和溶滤盐岩富集成矿。     

国家湿地公园旅游环境容量问题与调控——以杭州西溪湿地为例

国家湿地公园的旅游环境容量问题多来源于园区内部属性和游客行为之间的差异,国家湿地公园面积大、生态系统独特,园区空间布局、管理制度、主题商品与设施建设、服务方面的不合理、不完善导致了局部时段性的超载现象,宜采取以游客行为为导向的容量调控模式(TBCC),从加强园区自身建设和管理入手调控游客空间流动,从内部提升视角解决容量超载问题,实现游客体验、环境保护、科普教育等多功能为一体的湿地公园建设目标。     

ENSEMBLE PREDICTION EXPERIMENTS OF TRACKS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES BY USING MULTIPLE CUMULUS PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES

Ensemble prediction experiments of the tracks of eight tropical cyclones occurring between 2004 -2006 over the western Pacific have been performed by using MM5 with five cumulus parameterizations chemes. The results show that the predictions of the tracks of the tropical cyclones are sensitive to the selection of cumulus parameterization schemes. Each scheme has its own advantage and disadvantage, and the predications without cumulus parameterization schemes are not the worst, sometimes even better than the others. And all of the three ensemble methods improve the predictions of the tracks significantly, among which the ensemble method without parameterization schemes, the Grell, Betts-Miller and Kain-Fritsch schemes are the best.     

火山岩地区断层活动时代鉴定中的问题及其讨论

通过野外地质、地貌调查,对新生代玄武岩普遍发育的吉林省靖宇县龙岗火山群地区的断层活动性进行了研究,结合断层物质ESR测年分析结果以及本地区第四纪火山活动的特点,发现ESR测年数据与野外实际观察到的地质现象比较相对偏新。文中讨论了产生这一现象的两个可能原因:1)研究地区大规模的第四纪岩浆喷发活动作为一种重要的热事件,对于先存的断层物质中的ESR测年信号具有"退火"和零化作用;2)化学风化作用、地下水的淋滤作用、次生物质的混入和富硅热液作用而导致的次生石英颗粒的增长,都可能会导致断层带物质ESR测年剂量的增加,从而引起测年结果偏新。因此,研究区ESR测年结果反映出的并非是断层最后一次的活动年代,而可能是断层活动的上限年龄。尽管与实际的断层活动年龄有较大的差距,但对于大型工程场地的地震安全性评价,尤其是对于能动断层的鉴定,这种"上限年龄"仍然具有十分重要的应用价值     

葛泉煤矿南翼瓦斯地质特征

揭示了葛泉煤矿褶皱构造、断裂构造发育, 且其南翼比北翼更为复杂的地质构造特征; 指出了影响该矿南翼瓦斯涌出异常的主要地质因素是地质构造; 研究了该矿南翼瓦斯地质特征, 并提出了用地质构造特征预测瓦斯涌出异常区的建议和技术措施。这对该矿安全生产有重要意义。      

汶川8级大地震的地表破裂特征及分段

2008年5月12日14时28分,四川省汶川县境内发生MS8.0地震.地表破裂多以跌水、陡坎形态发育在河流沟谷或晚新生代沉积层内,位移明显.山地受崩塌、滑坡影响,位移量较难获得.发震断裂主要有三条,即北川-映秀断裂、彭县-灌县断裂和小鱼洞断裂.北川-映秀断裂地表破裂由南向北活动性质从逆冲为主逐渐转变为走滑为主,长约220 km,平均垂直位移量约3 m,按位移量沿断裂走向的变化可以分为虹口段、北川段和南坝段;彭县-灌县断裂地表破裂以逆冲活动为主,长约82 km,平均垂直位移量约1.5 m,可以划分为白鹿段和汉旺段,断裂断距分布的几何特征与北川-映秀断裂的中南段相近;小鱼洞断裂是一条新生北西走向的次级破裂,长约5.6 km,平均垂直位移量约1.5 m,调节两侧构造单元变形差异,具有捩断层特征,活动以逆(左行)走滑为主,可划分出小鱼洞段和中坝段.姚都镇地表破裂可能说明南坝以北的地震具有不同的活动特征.活动断裂的运动方式反映区域应力场有北西西向挤压特征.