由计算和量测确定局部重力场

民主德国波茨坦地球物理中央研究所(CIPE)有一绝对重力点,该点的局部重力场结构是根据它们周围质量的分布来推算的。对于重力梯度的非线性部份,实测结果与计算结果显示了很好的一致性。     

苏联地图制图人员的培训

根据苏联部长会议下属测绘主要行政机关(国家测绘总局)的计划,制图工业完全可以满足苏联在地图和地图集方面的各种需要。高级制图人员的培训在完成计划和与此有关的研究工作方面起着非常重要的作用。较高级的制图人员的培训在苏联按两个方向培养:地理制图人员和制图工程师。在苏联,较高级的制图工程师的教育是大地测量教育的一个分支,它的历史与莫斯科大地测量、航空摄影测量和制图工程学院     

动力模型用于控制网分析

本文把为变形分析设计的一个数学模型用于大地测量控制网平差。估计一等控制点的相对速度被认为是其数据内容可靠性的有效度量，控制网是根据逐次分批测量的参与点划分，一个动力网固有排列缺陷问题作了详细的讨论，包括所提出解法的说明。     

工程控制测量用三角测量观测平差方法

讨论典型工程控制测量中三角测量和观测方程平差的方法，这个方法的优点与传统的条件法比较通过两个检验网成果的验算来叙述。     

PRIMARY STUDY OF SULFATE AND CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS IN BEIJING

Results of our aerosol study, performed during 1983-1984 in Beijing, demonstrate that ambient carbonaceous aerosols are derived mainly from coal combustion. Different SO, oxidation processes have been observed in summer and winter. The winter sulfate appears to be produced locally and associated with products of incomplete combustion.     

暖云雨滴大小和电荷的观测研究

本文对30次暖性阵雨的35000多个雨滴的大小和电荷量进行了测量,并根据阵雨的强度分析了电荷谱的情况。结果表明:带正电雨滴的百分比随雨滴的增大而增大,也随阵雨强度的增强而增加。雨滴电荷的分布是不对称的,正电荷的分布总是比负电荷来得宽,且当电荷值较小时以负滴为主,而当电荷值较大时,则正滴明显占优势。在一部分观测时段中,测站附近的火山爆发。它对雨滴电荷的影响是使电荷分布变窄,带大电荷的雨滴比例下降。本文用暖云中雨滴形成时离子与雨滴的相互作用的起电机制来讨论和解释上述结果。     

THE GATE SQUALL LINE OF 9－10 AUGUST 1974

A tropical squall line that passed over the ship array of the Global Atmospheric Research Programme’s Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) on 9－10 August 1974 is analyzed. This squall line was similar to squall systems that passed over the GATE ship array on four other days. It began as a purely convective cloud line, then developed an associated stratiform cloud and precipitation area. The stratiform rain built up to a maxi-mum amount over a period of 8 h, then gradually diminished over a 6 h period. This stratiform rain is esti-mated to have accounted for 32% of the squall system’s total precipitation. As in other GATE squall lines, the upper-level cloud shield from which the stratiform rain fell, was advected slowly forward of the line during the system’s lifetime, the leading line of corrective clouds consisted of transient smaller-scale convective elements, which lent the line an irregular shape and pulsatory movement, and the stratiform portion of the system was characterized by the development of a mid-level mesoscale vortex similar to that seen in other GATE eases.     

Zonal and meridional circulations in the equatorialzone as deduced from the divergence field of the surface wind

The zonal and meridional circulations and their variability are examined on the basis of the surface wind data for 1950-1979. The climatological mean zonal wind and its divergence are examined in reference to the Walker Circulation. The role played by the meridional circulation in contributing to convergence of the surface wind field within the equatorial zone is emphasized. Regression coefficients are used to infer seasonal mean anomalies of divergence of the surface wind in years when the sea level pressure is 1 hPa above normal at Darwin, a condition representative of El Nino events. It is shown that anomalies in the divergence associated with the meridional wind component are primarily responsible for the heavy precipitation in the Central Pacific, while the anomalous divergence associated with the zonal wind component may cause the drought in the Western Pacific near Indonesia. A similar pattern of divergence anomalies is evident during three consecutive seasons beginning in northern summer and ending in northern winter. The reinforcement of the Hadley Circulation during El Nino episodes is noted. It is shown that the circulations over the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean are relatively uncorrelated. The interrelation between the dipole anticyclones and the meridional cir-culation over the central Pacific is discussed.     

大气环流模式中陆地水过程参数化的现状

(译者加)近年来,全球干旱等现象的模拟研究受到广泛的重视,而模拟的结果在一定程度上依赖于GCM中陆地水过程参数化的改进。这种状况促进了陆地水过程参数化的研究。本文对之进行了较系统的评述,首先回顾了GCM中现行的参数化方案,然后讨论了植被覆盖在地-气相互作用中的重要性以及这方面的研究状况,最后叙述了陆地水过程参数化中的主要困难。