Relationship of great soft X-ray flares with other solar activity phenomena

We present study of relationship of GSXR flares with Hα flares, hard X-ray (HXR) bursts, microwave (MW) bursts at 15.4 GHz, type II/IV radio bursts, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), protons flares (>10 MeV) and ground level enhancement (GLE) events we find that about 85.7%, 93%, 97%, 69%, 60%, 11.1%, 79%, 46%, and 23%% GSXR flares are related/associated with observed Hα flares, HXR bursts, MW bursts at 15.4 GHz, type II radio bursts, type IV radio bursts, GLE events, CMEs, halo CMEs, and proton flares (>10 MeV), respectively. In the paper we have studied the onset time delay of GSXR flares with Hα flares, HXR, and MW bursts which shows the during majority GSXR flares SXR emissions start before the Hα, HXR and MW emissions, respectively while during 15–20% of GSXR flares the SXR emissions start after the onset of Hα, HXT and MW emissions, respectively indicating two types of solar flares. The, onset time interval between SXR emissions and type II radio bursts, type IV radio bursts, GLE events CMEs, halo CMEs, and protons flares are 1–15 min, 1–20 min, 21–30 min, 21–40 min, 21–40 min, and 1–4 hrs, respectively. Following the majority results we are of the view that the present investigations support solar flares models which suggest flare triggering first in the corona and then move to chromospheres/ photosphere to starts emissions in other wavelengths. The result of the present work is largely consistent with “big flare syndrome” proposed by Kahler (1982).     

Use of the FITS World Coordinate System by STEREO/SECCHI

The World Coordinate System (WCS) is a standard for embedding coordinate information in a Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) header. Its first extensive use within solar physics is by the Sun Earth Connections Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) telescope suite onboard the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO). The WCS formalism assists in SECCHI data analysis in several ways: First of all, the spherical effects associated with the extremely wide fields-of-view of the Heliospheric Imager (HI) telescopes can be handled in a completely unambiguous and standard fashion. Of particular importance is that WCS positional keywords allow spacecraft-ephemeris information to be embedded within the FITS header without depending on mission-specific keywords. Ephemeris data is critical to the three-dimensional analysis that the STEREO mission is designed for. We also show how the WCS software in SolarSoft\textsf{SolarSoft} can be used to relate STEREO data to other missions such as the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). The ability of WCS to support a parallel celestial right ascension (R.A.)/declination (Dec) coordinate system and the use of WCS for COR1 synoptic maps are also discussed. The advantages that STEREO derived from WCS can equally be applied to other solar missions, in particular Solar Orbiter, and should be adopted by all future missions.     

Cosmogenic neon produced from sodium in meteoritic minerals

Cosmogenic neon in sodium-rich oligoclase feldspar from the ordinary chondrites St. Severin and Guaren?a is characterized by an unusually high²²Ne/²¹Ne = 1.50 ± 0.02. This high ratio is due to the cosmogenic²²Ne/²¹Ne production ratio in sodium which is 2.9 ± 0.3, two to three times the production ratio in any other target element. The relative production rate of²¹Ne per gram sodium is one quarter the production rate per gram magnesium. The striking enrichment of²²Ne relative to²¹Ne in sodium arises from enhanced indirect production from²³Na via²²Na.The unusual composition of cosmogenic neon in sodium and sodium-rich minerals explains the high²²Ne/²¹Ne ratios observed in inclusions of the Allende carbonaceous chondrite, and observed during low-temperature extraction of neon from ordinary chondrites. The isotopic composition of cosmogenic neon released during the stepwise heating of a trapped gas-rich meteorite containing sodium-rich phases can be expected to vary, and use of a constant cosmogenic neon composition to derive the composition of the trapped gas may not be justified. Preferential loss of this²²Ne-enriched cosmogenic neon from meteoritic feldspar can result in a 2–3% drop in the measured cosmogenic²²Ne/²¹Ne ratio in a bulk meteorite sample. This apparent change in composition can lead to overestimation of the minimum pre-atmospheric mass of the meteorite by a factor of two.     

Polyclonal antibodies to light-harvesting CHL-protein of PSII (LHC II) in marine green algaeBryopsis corticulans

Polyc·lonal antibodies raised against LHC II isolated from SDS-solubilizedBryopsis corticulans thylakiod membranes by SDS-PAGE, were characterised by double immunodiffusion, Rocket immunoelectrophoresis and antigen-antibody crossed immunoelectro-phoresis assays showed the antibodies had strong cross-reaction with allB. corticulans LHC II components (even with those which were incubated in boiling water) and showed immunological cross-reactivity with LHC II polypeptides of spinach and the marine green algaCodium fragile. The results suggested that LHC II of different species had similar antigenic determinants and also conservation of amino acid sequences of the polypeptides during evolution, and that the antibodies could cross react with apoproteins of D₂ proteins (which contain P₆₈₀) fromB. corticulans, spinach andC. fragile, but not with apoproteins of P₇₀₀ Chl-proteins. Our results indicated some similarities in primary structure between LHC II of different species, and between LHC II and D₂ proteins of marine green algae and spinach. Our finding that D₂ and P₇₀₀ Chl-proteins are not immunologically related suggested that P₇₀₀ Chl-proteins and D₂ proteins pass through independent evolutionary pathways. Contribution No 1717 from the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica, This subject was supported by the National Science Foundation of China.     

On the dynamics of the rhythmic crystallization of magmatic bodies during the directional solidification of cotectic melts

A problem on the directional crystallization of melt was solved taking into account heat and mass exchange between the two-phase zone and the cooling volume of a magmatic body. Conditions were determined for the development of rhythmic crystallization by the example of the solidification of the pseudobinary Di-An system.     

Mapping Disastrous Natural Hazards Using Global Datasets

The increased interest for categorising countries at risk calls for an improved methodology allowing comparison of natural hazard impacts at a global level. A disaster is the intersection between a hazardous event, the elements at risk (population, infrastructures) and their vulnerability. In order to associate reported impacts with affected elements and socio-economic or geophysical contextual parameters, geographical location and extent of hazards is needed. The scope of this paper is to present improved automated procedures for a rapid mapping of large disastrous hazard events (floods, earthquakes, cyclones and volcanoes) using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and available global datasets. Up to 82% of the events and 88% of the reported victims could be geo-referenced and the results highlight both the potentialities and limitations of the methods applied.     

一次中强磁暴期间低纬电离层响应的CT成像

为考察赤道异常区电离层对中等强度磁暴的响应特性,用电离层ＣＴ成像方法重建电离层电子密度二维剖面．重建结果表明,暴时低纬电离层电子密度以降低为主,但暴相随纬度和高度而异;磁暴期间,赤道异常峰结构仍然存在,但恢复相期间峰的位置向赤道移动;磁暴急始之后约２０ｍｉｎ,在赤道异常峰区出现电子密度深度耗空,这种耗空遍及从底到顶的整个Ｆ区,朝赤道一侧显现水平梯度非常大的陡壁．这种与磁暴急始相联系的电子密度深度耗空现象很有意义,值得进一步研究．     

The Ivory Coast microtektite strewnfield: new data

Ivory Coast microtektites have recently been found in three piston cores from the Atlantic Ocean. In two of these cores, the microtektites occur in a layer above the base of the Jaramillo geomagnetic event indicating that they fell approximately 0.95 m.y. ago. Major element compositions have been obtained for forty-one of the microtektites by electron microprobe and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The geographic location, stratigraphic age and major element compositions indicate that these microtektites are part of the Ivory Coast tektite strewnfield. Present data suggest that the Ivory Coast strewnfield may cover an area of about 4.5 million square kilometers and contain about 20 million metric tons of microtektites.