Measurement of stress effects (scope for growth) and contaminant levels in mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the Irish Sea

The objective of this research was to quantify the impact of pollution along the coastlines of the Irish Sea. Pollution assessment was based on the combined measurement of scope for growth (SFG), and chemical contaminants in the tissues of mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from 38 coastal sites around the Irish Sea during June-July in 1996 and 1997. On the UK mainland coast, the SFG showed a general trend with a significant decline in water quality in the Liverpool and Morecambe Bay region. High water quality was recorded along the west coast of Wales, as well as southwest England and northwest Scotland (clean reference sites outside the Irish Sea). Along the coast of Ireland there was a similar trend with reduced SFG within the Irish Sea region. SFG was generally low north of Duncannon and then improved north of Belfast. The poor water quality on both sides of the Irish Sea is consistent with the prevailing hydrodynamics and the spatial distribution of contaminants associated with urban/ industrial development. The decline in SFG of mussels on both sides of the Irish Sea was associated with a general increase in contaminant levels in the mussels. Certain contaminants, including PAHs, TBT, sigmaDDT, Dieldrin, gamma-HCH, PCBs, and a few of the metals (Cd, Se, Ag, Pb), showed elevated concentrations. Many of these contaminants were particularly elevated in the coastal margins of Liverpool Bay, Morecambe Bay and Dublin Bay. A quantitative toxicological interpretation (QTI) of the combined tissue residue chemistry and SFG measurements indicated that at the majority of coastal sites, c. 50 to > 80% of the observed decline in SFG was due to PAHs as a result of fossil fuel combustion and oil spills. TBT levels were highest at major ports and harbours, but these concentrations only made a minor contribution to the overall reduction in SFG. At no sites were individual metals accumulated to concentrations that could cause a significant effect on SFG. The study identified many sites where the observed reduction in SFG was far greater than predicted from the limited number of chemical contaminants analysed, thus indicating the presence of additional 'unknown toxicants'. Sewage (containing domestic, agricultural and industrial components) appears to be an important contributor to reduced SFG and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and As may provide suitable 'sewage markers'. There was a highly significant positive correlation between SFG and As (P < 0.001). This relationship may be due to reduced As uptake by algal food material and mussels at sites with elevated P04 concentrations (e.g. at sites with sewage inputs). Phosphate is a known competitive inhibitor of As accumulation, at least in algae. The results highlight that further research is required on 'sewage markers' in mussels. The SFG approach therefore provides a rapid, cost-effective and quantitative measure of pollution impact, as well as a means of identifying the causes through a QTI of tissue contaminants levels. It also serves to identify the presence of unidentified toxicants and areas that require further study.     

海上石油钻探,采油及其溢油事故的回顾

海上石油钻井平台乃是２０世纪末的技术奇迹，仅波斯湾，墨西哥湾，北海三个海域就有钻井平台１０００多座，目前钻探深度可达到１２ｋｍ，能够沉入海底或水中的钻井平台已经投入使用，８０年代海上石油，天然气的勘探和开采总投资已达７５００亿美元，海上石油开采总量已超过同期世界石油总开采量的１／３。重要的是海上石油开采比陆上石油开采更经济，可为人们提供更廉的石油，但是海上石油设施增多，钻井平台，油井等造成的石油泛     

长期暴露于高压氮氧环境下人体二氧化碳通气反应的变化

本工作研究了36.5米和50米氮氧饱和暴露对人体二氧化碳通气反应的影响。用重复呼吸法测定了两组共13名健康男性受试者的二氧化碳通气反应。氮氧饱和条件下的氧分压维持在0.30绝对压左右,而测定通气反应时的吸入气中的氧分压是0.98绝对压,二氧化碳分压是0.07绝对压,其余为氮气。此外,还测定了受试者的终末潮气二氧化碳分压。实验结果表明:1.二氧化碳通气反应随压力升高而下降。2.二氧化碳通气反应曲线的截距在不同深度均未见有明显的变化。3.在高压条件下,静息状态的终末潮气二氧化碳分压比常压对照值有明显的增加。高压下的二氧化碳通气反应的下降和终末潮气二氧化碳分压的升高,在减压返回海平面后均能恢复到常压水平。高压下的这些变化,可能是呼吸中枢对二氧化碳敏感性的改变所致,也可能是由于呼吸阻力增加引起的呼吸功增加所致,或是两个因素叠加的结果。     

山东半岛海岸的风成沙丘

一、前言我国的风积地貌,不仅分布面积大,且形态多样;从内陆的巨大山间盆地或高原上的内陆盆地中(主要集中在东经75-125度,北纬35-50度之间的西北、华北北部和东北西部的干旱和半干旱地区.那里有丰富的第四纪松散砂土层物质,加之我国北方内陆干燥的气候条件,在强劲的风力作用下就形成各种沙丘地貌),一直到地处海洋性气候条件、景色秀丽的滨岸地带都有风成沙丘.     

中太平洋北部海底沉积物孢粉分析

自七十年代末八十年代初,我国开始对太平洋西部和中部进行了海底沉积物孢粉分析并取得了一些成果.1983年5月我国在中太平洋北部进行了锰结核调查,在水深4000-5500米处采集了海底沉积物样品,本文是这些样品的孢粉分析结果.共计做了十二个表层样和一个柱状岩芯的二十八个样品,柱状岩芯长3.91米,样品的分离与处理基本上采用格里丘克法进行.表层沉积物取干样100克,柱状沉积物取干样50克,镉重液比重为2.2-2.3,样品加酸处理后,又加入分散剂偏磷酸钠(NaH_2PO_4),然后开始重液浮选离心.分析结果表明,调查区沉积物中含有孢粉,但含量不够丰富,不同类型沉积物中,孢粉含量差别较大.     

大西洋中脊的热液矿泉

在过去10年中，通过国际合作，对大西洋中肯的热液矿泉及周围地质背景进行了研究。TAG热液矿泉位于26°N，45°W，距大西洋中脊轴数公里，它是世界卜已发现的最大热液矿泉之一．这个活动的热泉位于一直径为10m的烟囱上，该烟囱位于一直径为150－200m、高40m的椭圆形硫化矿山上．在这个硫化矿山附近几公里范围内还发现了几个不活动的热泉。TAG靠近两条转换断层之间的大西洋中脊．区域重力调查表明，TAG北部的剪切带在向北漂移．分析TAG海底玄武岩表明，源岩在10－15km深处．从旁侧声纳资料看出，TAG由两个复杂的烟囱组成．近海底地球…     

深海矿产资源政策法规研究及意义

本文介绍了国内外关于深海矿产资源勘探开发及相关因素的立法状况及意义。     

渤海生产力研究——Ⅱ.初级生产力及潜在渔获量的估算

本文在1982—1983年渤海综合调查资料基础上,分析研究了渤海初级生产力的地理分布与季节变化,环境因子与初级生产力之间的相关关系,并对渤海有机生产能力和渔业生产前景作出了评价,研究表明,渤海水域具有一定的生产潜力,其初级生产力为112g C/m2·a,每年的初级生产量为1000万吨有机碳,鱼虾贝类产量约为100万吨,水产品可捕获量在50万吨以上,调查研究结果可作为渤海渔业资源开发、利用和管理的基础资料.     

围隔生态系富磷及油污染对叶绿素a变化的影响

根据1997年10月和1998年5月2次围隔生态系实验中获得的叶绿素a资料，分析了在富磷围隔实验中不同粒径叶绿素a的变化及各自所占的百分比以及油污染对叶绿素a变化的影响。实验结果表明：在P－meso中，10月份Chl-a的含量每天以10－16μg/L的速度呈指数生长，最高达到74．89μg/L，大于20μm的大型浮游植物是浮游植物总生物量的主要贡献者。5月份Chl-a含量在加磷后增长的速度每天为3－8μg/L，较10月份慢，2－20μm和GF／F－2μm的小型和微型浮游植物是浮游植物总生物量的主要贡献者。