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81.
Osamu Seki Philip A. Meyers Kimitaka Kawamura Yanhong Zheng Weijian Zhou 《Organic Geochemistry》2009,40(6):671-677
Based on paleoclimatic reconstructions using various proxies, the Holocene Climate Optimum (10.5–6 ka) has been characterized as a warmer and wetter period in most of East Asia. The summer monsoons associated with the East Asian Monsoon evidently intensified and extended further inland from the Pacific Ocean, a source region of moisture. A notable exception to this general pattern exists in northeast China, where less wet conditions are recorded. We determined molecular compositions of individual plant wax hydrocarbons and their hydrogen isotope compositions (δD values) in a radiocarbon-dated peat core recovered from the Hani marsh in Jilin Province (China) and confirmed that the temperature-dependent effective precipitation in northeast China decreased during the Holocene Climate Optimum. A combination of Paq, an indicator of the relative contribution of aquatic to terrestrial plants, and the difference in δD between low (C23, C25 and C27) and high molecular weight (C31) n-alkanes in the Hani peat bog indicates a dramatic change in vegetation from the deglaciation to the Holocene. No significant differences were observed between the δD values of low and high molecular weight n-alkanes with relatively high δD values and low Paq during the early Holocene, indicating that all n-alkanes were produced by evapotranspiration-sensitive terrestrial plants during that time. However, lower δD values of mid-chain n-alkanes (C23, C25 and C27) relative to the long chain n-alkane (C31), together with higher Paq values during the deglaciation (14–11 ka), suggest an increase in the contribution of aquatic plants and a higher water level during the period. The study demonstrates that northeast China was under a markedly wetter climate condition during the late deglaciation. For the 16 kyr record in the Hani peat sequence, we infer that moisture delivery by the East Asian Monsoon was relatively invariable in northeast China, but increased evaporation during the warmer Holocene Climate Optimum reduced the effective precipitation, defined by the balance between precipitation and evaporation. 相似文献
82.
G. V. Gibbs M. B. Boisen F. C. Hill O. Tamada R. T. Downs 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1998,25(8):574-584
The topological properties of the electron density distributions for more than 20 hydroxyacid, geometry optimized molecules
with SiO and GeO bonds with 3-, 4-, 6- and 8-coordinate Si and Ge cations were calculated. Electronegativities calculated
with the bond critical point (bcp) properties of the distributions indicate, for a given coordination number, that the electronegativity
of Ge (∼1.85) is slightly larger than that of Si (∼1.80) with the electronegativities of both atoms increasing with decreasing
bond length. With an increase in the electron density, the curvatures and the Laplacian of the electron density at the critical
point of each bond increase with decreasing bond length. The covalent character of the bonds are assessed, using bond critical
point properties and electronegativity values calculated from the electron density distributions. A mapping of the (3, −3)
critical points of the valence shell concentrations of the oxide anions for bridging SiOSi and GeOGe dimers reveals a location
and disposition of localized nonbonding electron pairs that is consistent with the bridging angles observed for silicates
and germanates. The bcp properties of electron density distributions of the SiO bonds calculated for representative molecular
models of the coesite structure agree with average values obtained in X-ray diffraction studies of coesite and danburite to
within ∼5%.
Received: 18 August 1997 / Revised, accepted: 19 February 1998 相似文献
83.
Takayuki Shiozawa Akira Hoshika Osamu Takimura Terumi Tanimoto 《Journal of Oceanography》1982,38(1):15-20
Vertical and horizontal distributions of manganese in Harima Sound (Harima Nada, Seto Inland Sea) were measured in August and December 1979. High concentrations of dissolved and particulate manganese were found in bottom waters in August, suggesting that the bottom enrichment is probably due to the diffusion of dissolved manganese out of the sediment. From measured distributions, we estimate the annual flux of manganese at the sediment-water interface to be more than 800 tons per year, if Harima Sound is a closed system for manganese. 相似文献
84.
The plate culture method using the two formulae for non-nitrogenous media was adopted in this investigation for the purpose
of counting and isolating nitrogen-fixing bacteria distributed in the open sea.
Sea water samples were collected at eighteen different stations in the region of Lat. 50°N–15°S along Long. 155°W and two
other stations in the Pacific Ocean. In order to compare with those samples from the open sea, water samples were also obtained
at four stations in Suruga and Sagami Bays.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria appear to be widely but very unevenly distributed at all depths in sea water, in numbers approximately
ranging from nil to 104 per 100 ml of sea water, and denser vertical populations have been found in the area of Lat. 40°N and 5°N along Long. 155°W, even at
depths from 2,000 to 3,000m. A conparatively denser population of bacteria was found in sea water from Suruga Bay and Sagami
Bay.
The bacteria associated with plankton were abundantly demonstrated, in numbers ranging from 106 to 108 per 1 ml settling volume of plankton, in many plankton samples collected at four stations in the southern parts of the Pacific Ocean.
Almost all the bacteria isolated from the samples of blue green algal colonies,Trichodesmium, sp., were able to grow on nonnitrogeneous media. 相似文献
85.
Rates of urea supply from the decomposition and the excretion of zooplankton were determined for samples collected in Suruga
Bay. Five species of Zooplankton were incubated in filtered seawater at 20‡C for 276 hrs after being forced to die in a refrigerator.
More than 77.6 % of body nitrogen of the Zooplankton was liberated, except forEuphausia similis, which showed a lower decomposition rate of 53.0 %. In the liberated nitrogen. 4.8 to 9.8 % was determined as urea.
Incubation experiments of two species of zooplankton at 13‡C during 12 hrs, showed that the organisms excreted 0.86 and 0.73Μg-at. N indi.−1 d−1 as total soluble nitrogen. Urea accounted for 8.3 and 6.8 % of the excreted total soluble nitrogen. 相似文献
86.
The distribution of pelagic blue-green algae, especially ofTrichodesmium thiebautii, was investigated on the basis of the collection of theHakuhō Maru Cruise KH-69-4 along 155°W (50°N-15°S) in the North Pacific Ocean from September to November 1969.
- Five species were identified:Trichodesmium thiebautii (most predominant),T. erythraeum, Oscillatoria sp.,Katagnymene spiralis andRichelia intracellularis.
- T. thiebautii was most abundant in the western North Pacific central water and abundant next to it in the equatorial water, but it did not occur in the subarctic water.
- T. thiebautii was ubiquitously distributed in the lower layer of 100–200 m in the equatorial water, though not in a large quantity.
- T. thiebautii inhabited only the water warmer than 20°C. In its main habitat, nitrate and nitrite were almost zero, but ammonia and phosphate were present. There was not found any correlation between its occurrence and the salinity.
- Blue-green algae were generally thinly populated in the water rich in diatoms.
87.
Osamu Katoh Kazuyuki Teshima Katsuhiko Kubota Kazuo Tsukiyama 《Journal of Oceanography》1996,52(1):93-108
In order to clarify detailed current structures west of Kyushu, ADCP measurements were carried out in July and September 1990 by the quadrireciprocal method (Katoh, 1988) for removing diurnal and semidiurnal tidal flows from observed flows. On the basis of these results, together with data of routine oceanographic observations, we study the downstream transition of the Tsushima Current west of Kyushu in summer. In the southwest of the Goto Islands, a northward current identified as the Tsushima Current was clearly found. In the south of Cheju, a westward current bifurcated from the Tsushima Current. In the northwest of the Goto Islands, the Tsushima Current narrowed and its velocity became strengthened. Salinity of the Tsushima Current water was much diluted by a current from the Cheju Strait. Near the west coast of the Goto Islands, a countercurrent bifurcating from the Tsushima Current often occurred. The volume transport of the Tsushima Current was 2.3 Sv (1 Sv=106 m3s–1) on the northern side of latitude 31°N. The substantial bifurcation of the Tsushima Current toward the Eastern and Western Channels of the Tsushima Strait occurred in the vicinity of Tsushima. The volume transport through the Western Channel was two to three times larger than that through the Eastern Channel. The baroclinic component in volume transport of the Tsushima Current west of Kyushu was much smaller than that in the Japan Sea. 相似文献
88.
Around the thermocline, difference in the depth of the maximum concentration between particulate manganese and iron was observed above the basin located at the south-western corner of the Beppu Bay, along with the remarkable difference in pH and Eh. 相似文献
89.
Direct measurements of the air-sea CO2 flux by the eddy covariance technique were carried out in the equatorial Indian Ocean. The turbulent flux observation system
was installed at the top of the foremast of the R/V MIRAI, thus minimizing dynamical and thermal effects of the ship body.
During the turbulent flux runs around the two stations, the vessel was steered into the wind at constant speed. The power
spectra of the temperature or water vapor density fluctuations followed the Kolmogorov −5/3 power law, although that of the
CO2 density fluctuation showed white noise in the high frequency range. However, the cospectrum of the vertical wind velocity
and CO2 density was well matched with those of the vertical velocity and temperature or water vapor density in this frequency range,
and the CO2 white noise did not influence the CO2 flux. The raw CO2 fluxes due to the turbulent transport showed a sink from the air to the ocean, and had almost the same value as the source
CO2 fluxes due to the mean vertical flow, corrected by the sensible and latent heat fluxes (called the Webb correction). The
total CO2 fluxes including the Webb correction terms showed a source from the ocean to the air, and were larger than the bulk CO2 fluxes estimated using the gas transfer velocity by mass balance techniques. 相似文献
90.
A study is made on the surface distribution ofTrichodesmium thiebautii Gomont in the East China Sea during the years 1961–1967.
- This alga is very scarce or absent in the period from January to March, and begins to increase in May and June, reaching the maximum population density from July to September, and again decreases in October and November.
- In summerT. thiebautii is predominantly distributed in the area along the Kuroshio current with high densities of 102–103 filaments/l, occasionally exceeding 103 filaments/l. This alga is estimated to occupy the major part or almost all the parts of chlorophylla in situ contained in the surface water of this season.
- The occurrence ofT. thiebautii off the southern coasts of Central Japan seems to be caused rather by the multiplication in its own habitat than by the transportation by the Kuroshio current from the East China Sea.