Advances in lunar exploration detectors

Due to the rapid development of modern science and technology, many advanced sensors have been put into use to explore our solar system, including the Moon. With the help of those detectors,we can retrieve more information to about the Moon‘ s composition and evolution. The Clementine (January, 1994), Lunar Prospector (January, 1998) and especially Smart-1 ( September, 2003) launched successively have demonstrated the next-generation planet exploration techniques. Now China has decided to send a probe to the Moon. So it is necessary to overview the development of detectors used for the scientific observation of the Moon. In this paper, some main instruments used to acquire geochemistry information are described, which include UV-VIS-NIR CCD imaging spectroscope, neutronray, gamma-ray, and X-ray spectrometers. Moreover, the payloads of China‘ s first lunar satellite are introduced briefly.     

Stratigraphical and biological significance of negative carbon isotopic anomalies in the basal Cambrian series of Guizhou Province

The early Early Cambrian strata within the bounds of Guizhou Province are almost predominated by black shale deposition. Recently, however, the authors have found a section consisting of a set of mudstones interbedded with limestones at the basement of the Cambrian at Yingping, Fuquan County,Guizhou Province, which provides favorable conditions for the study of marine geochemical characteristics of the early Early Cambrian. The characteristics of intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary at Yingping, Fuquan County, Guizhou Province, can be correlated with those of global carbon isotopic anomalies at the same time on a global scale, corresponding to the intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies near the Neoproterozoic/Cambrian boundaries at the bottom of the Xiaowaitoushan Member, Huize, Yunnan Province, at the top of the Tsagaan 0loom Formation of Mongolia and at the top of the Salarmy Gol Formation of Siberia, as well as those observed in southwestern United States, Iran, Amman, Poland, Newfoundland, the Great Britain, Canada, etc. Negative carbon isotopic anomalies can be used as the important basis for the division of the Precambrian/Cambrian boundaries.There have been found 8 m-thick black shales and cherts below the intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies in this profile. In the black shales there have been found large amounts of fossils such as Bradoricla,gernus Archotuba, indicating that during the period of sedimentation of black shales under anaerobic conditions there would be large quantities of organic species living in the sea. But in the section of grayish-green mudstones interbedded with limestones with intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies almost no organic fossil has been found. This may imply that the anaerobic event seems to have little bearing on the mass extinction near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary, whereas the intense negative carbon isotopic anomaly event appears to be more closely related to the mass extinction occurring near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary.     

SAR图像海岸线检测算法综述

回顾近年来应用SAR图像进行海岸线及物体边界检测的几种方法, 并对各种方法进行了综述、总结和对比.     

土地收购储备制度的国际经验及其对我国的启示

文章在分析海外市场经济发达国家或地区土地征购制度建立目的,法律法规保障,运用模式等成功经验基础上,结合我国城市土地市场特点,总结归纳系列启示,以期在我国城市土地收购储备制度建立和完善过程中予以借鉴。     

三家北斗地基增强系统的高精度定位服务性能对比分析

北斗地基增强系统是推广高精度“北斗+”应用的重要基础设施。本文首次研究千寻位置、六分科技及中国移动3家覆盖全国的北斗地基增强系统的定位服务性能,通过对2021-07-21~22采集的2次8~9 h观测数据进行分析,得到以下结论： 1） 千寻位置和中国移动的官方推荐挂载点支持BDS-2三频信号和BDS-3双频信号（B1I、B3I）,六分科技支持BDS-2和BDS-3双频信号（B1I、B3I）; 2） 3家北斗地基增强系统都能提供100%的北斗数据完整率; 3） 静态基线结果表明,3家北斗地基增强系统虚拟基站组成的闭合环相对误差均小于2×10^-6; 4） 单历元RTK解算结果表明,3家北斗地基增强系统均能够提供水平向优于3 mm、垂直向优于9 mm的内符合精度,但不同北斗地基增强系统之间存在cm~dm级的定位结果偏差,因此不建议在RTK作业时使用不同的北斗地基增强系统。     

基于Sketchup和Google Earth的3D虚拟校园建设

以重庆市第十八中学的虚拟校园建设为例,阐述了基于Sketch Up和Google Earth的具有良好的现实还原度和更短的开发周期的虚拟校园建设方案。同时,指出了一些较重要问题的解决方案。     

基于陆态网络的区域水汽变化分析

利用陆态网络基准站观测数据,计算站址上空的可降水汽量,为天气分析预报、数值天气预报、人工影响天气等领域提供基础信息。通过陆态网基准站试运行情况,选取华中某地区5个陆态网基准站观测资料,利用GAMIT 软件解算出天顶湿项延迟和大气可降水量计算结果,结合当地实际观测降水进行了比较分析。     

融合多源重力数据构建局部高阶重力场模型

针对利用带限型径向基函数,融合航空和地面重力数据构建高阶地球重力场模型时,航空、地面重力数据的频谱信息不一致问题,该文提出残差与先验精度比较分析法,确定出了研究区域航空数据的最佳频谱范围.结果 表明:航空重力数据系统性偏差及其径向基函数展开阶次不当可分别导致±0.019m和±0.007 m的建模误差.基于此,构建了局部区域6000阶的径向基函数融合地球重力场模型CBFM2020.通过与GPS/水准数据比较,CBFM2020的精度比EGM2008、USGG2012以及仅由地面数据得到的重力场模型均有所提高.模型建立过程中航空重力数据未进行向下延拓,而是直接在原始高度与地面数据进行融合,可为局部地区高阶重力场模型的构建提供一定参考.     

一种网络RTK对流层斜延迟的估计方法

针对网络RTK数据处理方法中,卫星高度角较低时湿分量映射函数误差较大所引起的问题,提出了一种直接估计斜方向对流层湿延迟的网络RTK数据处理方法,并通过试验对该方法的效果进行分析.在该方法中,斜方向湿延迟直接作为参数进行估计,通过增加虚拟观测引入不同卫星湿延迟参数间的相关性,通过建立适当的状态转移模型引入同一卫星湿延迟参数历元间的相关性.实验结果表明,该方法能精确估计对流层湿延迟,降低了对流层延迟对模糊度估计的影响,提高了网络RTK数据处理的质量.     

Determination of Fe,Ni, Cu,Zn, Cd and Pb in seawater by isotope dilution automatic solid-phase extraction—ICP-MS

A thorough understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of trace metals in the ocean is crucial because of the important role these elements play in regulating metabolism in marine biotas and thus, the climate. However, a precise and accurate analysis of trace metals in seawater is difficult because they are present at extremely low concentrations in a high salt matrix. In this study, we report an analytical method for the preconcentration and separation of six trace metals, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb, in seawater using a seaFAST automatic solid-phase extraction device, analysis by a triple quadrupole collision/reaction technique with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and quantification by the isotope dilution technique. A small volume (10 mL) of seawater sample was mixed with a multi-element isotope spike and subjected to seaFAST procedures. The preconcentrate solution was then analyzed using the optimized collision/reaction cell mode of ICP-MS, with NH₃ gas for Fe and Cd with a flow rate of 0.22 mL/min and He for Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb with a flow rate of 4.0 mL/min. The procedure blanks were 130 pmol/L, 3.0 pmol/L, 6.8 pmol/L, 37 pmol/L, 0.29 pmol/L and 0.42 pmol/L, for Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb, respectively. The method was validated using five reference materials (SLRs-6, SLEW-3, CASS-6, NASS-7 and GEOTRACE-GSC), and our results were consistent with the consensus values. The method was further validated by measuring full-water-column seawater samples from the subtropical Northwest Pacific Ocean, and our results demonstrated good oceanic consistency.