Advances in lunar exploration detectors

Due to the rapid development of modern science and technology, many advanced sensors have been put into use to explore our solar system, including the Moon. With the help of those detectors,we can retrieve more information to about the Moon‘ s composition and evolution. The Clementine (January, 1994), Lunar Prospector (January, 1998) and especially Smart-1 ( September, 2003) launched successively have demonstrated the next-generation planet exploration techniques. Now China has decided to send a probe to the Moon. So it is necessary to overview the development of detectors used for the scientific observation of the Moon. In this paper, some main instruments used to acquire geochemistry information are described, which include UV-VIS-NIR CCD imaging spectroscope, neutronray, gamma-ray, and X-ray spectrometers. Moreover, the payloads of China‘ s first lunar satellite are introduced briefly.     

Stratigraphical and biological significance of negative carbon isotopic anomalies in the basal Cambrian series of Guizhou Province

The early Early Cambrian strata within the bounds of Guizhou Province are almost predominated by black shale deposition. Recently, however, the authors have found a section consisting of a set of mudstones interbedded with limestones at the basement of the Cambrian at Yingping, Fuquan County,Guizhou Province, which provides favorable conditions for the study of marine geochemical characteristics of the early Early Cambrian. The characteristics of intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary at Yingping, Fuquan County, Guizhou Province, can be correlated with those of global carbon isotopic anomalies at the same time on a global scale, corresponding to the intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies near the Neoproterozoic/Cambrian boundaries at the bottom of the Xiaowaitoushan Member, Huize, Yunnan Province, at the top of the Tsagaan 0loom Formation of Mongolia and at the top of the Salarmy Gol Formation of Siberia, as well as those observed in southwestern United States, Iran, Amman, Poland, Newfoundland, the Great Britain, Canada, etc. Negative carbon isotopic anomalies can be used as the important basis for the division of the Precambrian/Cambrian boundaries.There have been found 8 m-thick black shales and cherts below the intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies in this profile. In the black shales there have been found large amounts of fossils such as Bradoricla,gernus Archotuba, indicating that during the period of sedimentation of black shales under anaerobic conditions there would be large quantities of organic species living in the sea. But in the section of grayish-green mudstones interbedded with limestones with intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies almost no organic fossil has been found. This may imply that the anaerobic event seems to have little bearing on the mass extinction near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary, whereas the intense negative carbon isotopic anomaly event appears to be more closely related to the mass extinction occurring near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary.     

SAR图像海岸线检测算法综述

回顾近年来应用SAR图像进行海岸线及物体边界检测的几种方法, 并对各种方法进行了综述、总结和对比.     

土地收购储备制度的国际经验及其对我国的启示

文章在分析海外市场经济发达国家或地区土地征购制度建立目的,法律法规保障,运用模式等成功经验基础上,结合我国城市土地市场特点,总结归纳系列启示,以期在我国城市土地收购储备制度建立和完善过程中予以借鉴。     

广西平桂地区锡矿土壤离子电导率异常特征 和离子成分及找矿预测

为了解广西平桂地区锡矿土壤离子电导率异常特征,研究不同种类离子的含量变化关系对电导率的贡献大小,为解释锡矿土壤离子电导率异常的形成机制提供理论依据.对广西平桂地区锡矿的土壤离子电导率异常进行研究,结果表明:①在已知锡矿体上测出了清晰的土壤离子电导率异常,异常形态呈典型双峰形态“兔耳”状或“单峰”状,异常垂直指示锡矿体的赋存位置;②弄清了锡矿体组成土壤离子电导率异常的离子成分特征,其成分主要是SO42-、Ca2+、HCO3-、C1-、Fe3+、Mg2+、Na+、K+、Mn2+、F-等一套水可溶性离子,经过相关分析得出锡矿土壤离子电导率异常与各种水可溶性离子的相关系数SO42+＞Ca2+＞HCO3＞Cl＞Fe3+＞Mg2+＞Na+＞K+＞Mn2+F-;③在未知区的找矿预测中找到2个具有成矿远景的土壤离子电导率异常,经深部工程验证找到了隐伏锡矿体.     

高密度电法在近场区断层探测中的应用

介绍了高密度电法的基本原理和设备组成,并通过工程实例证明高密度电法作用一种重要的地球物理勘探技术,在近场区断层探测中是一种行之有效的方法。     

一种基于PSO-BP神经网络的建筑物沉降预测模型

为更好地预测建筑物沉降,该文使用粒子群优化(PSO)算法BP神经网络进行建筑物沉降预测。利用PSO算法修正BP神经网络的初始权重和阀值,优化BP神经网络机构及算法全局收敛性,建立基于PSO-BP预测模型。将所建立的预测模型应用于实际案例,通过已有的监测数据,分别进行传统BP神经网络预测和PSO-BP神经网络预测,对预测的结果进行对比,结果表明,基于PSO-BP神经网络的建筑物沉降预测结果明显优于传统BP神经网络预测模型。     

构造转换背景下应力与流体相互作用控制华南朱溪超大型W-Cu矿床成矿作用

朱溪W-Cu矿床是近年来在江南斑岩-矽卡岩W矿带发现的一个超大型矿床,其成矿作用特点在国内外众多研究者的关注下逐渐明朗,但构造对成矿作用的控制机制尚未明确.文章基于矿床地质特征的观察,对与蚀变和矿化有关的构造进行解析,依据矿脉(体)的穿切关系,主要厘定出5种具先后次序的控矿构造类型:早期挤压背景下形成的近水平贫矿热液脉(H脉),挤压向伸展转换背景下形成的陡倾波状张剪性含矿脉(R脉),水压致裂主导的流体逃逸构造和近直立平直白钨矿-石英-白云母脉(F脉),以及晚期伸展拆离背景下形成的角砾构造.其中,R脉为矽卡岩型W-Cu矿体的主要赋存形式,F脉为白钨矿-石英-白云母脉型矿体的主要赋存形式.结合前人同位素年代学资料,提出研究区经历了161 Ma以前的挤压,153～145 Ma期间挤压向伸展转换,145 Ma以后的伸展构造背景.其中,挤压向伸展转换时期的断层阀行为控制了朱溪W-Cu成矿作用.据此,文章将朱溪W-Cu矿床的断层阀模型划分为破裂前、断层阀(地震破裂)、流体充填(地震泵吸)、自愈合和再循环等5个阶段.矿化主要发生在断层阀模型的流体充填阶段,表现为压力骤降和流体沸腾,对应矽卡岩成矿期的退蚀变作用和浸染状W-Cu矿化,白钨矿-石英-白云母脉成矿期与白云母密切共生的细脉浸染状W-Cu矿化.朱溪W-Cu矿床的形成与燕山中晚期古太平洋俯冲板片沿扬子和华夏板块间的结合部位撕裂(156～135 Ma)导致岩石圈挤压向伸展转换并形成壳源过铝质-偏铝质花岗岩浆作用相关.     

螺杆钻具转子系统不对中的故障产生机理与诊断

螺杆钻具是由多个可以旋转的转轴通过万向联轴器连接成的一个轴系,主要用来传递转矩从而带动钻头运动。但是在安装或者在万向联轴器自身磨损消耗下,钻具会出现轴线上的不对中,进而引发一系列故障,比如螺杆钻具的螺杆马达转子联轴器偏移、轴承移动、转轴发生形变、油膜失稳等,导致机器发生振动并造成一系列的危害。因此,在实验室条件下,研究井下动力钻具不对中的故障产生机理,掌握不同故障的特征,并及时进行故障诊断,对减小或避免由于转子联轴器不对中而产生的故障具有十分重要的意义。本文借助于DHRMT双跨转子台高度模拟井下的钻具故障,设置转子不对中的不同故障类型,通过实验获得钻具转子不对中故障造成的振动特征,为井下动力钻具设计及改进提供参考依据。     

都柳江上游沿岸喀斯特地区土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

采集都柳江上游沿岸喀斯特地区62个土壤样品,利用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、克里金插值方法综合研究Sb、Cd、As、Cr和Pb五种重金属元素累积污染特征和潜在生态风险。结果表明,研究区土壤中Sb和Cd元素平均含量分别超过贵州省土壤环境背景值4.085倍和1.876倍。空间分布上,Sb元素严重污染面积占研究区总面积37.87%,主要受区内赋矿层位望城坡组、尧梭组和鸡窝寨组的影响。而Cd元素轻度累积污染面积为59.76%,其与碳酸盐岩分布密切相关。研究区土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险属于低风险等级,但是Cd和Sb元素单项污染潜在生态风险概率较大,Cd污染最高概率风险地层主要是石牛栏组和邦寨组,而Sb污染最高概率风险地层为邦寨组、鸡窝寨组和独山组。因此,研究区应重点防控石牛栏组、邦寨组、鸡窝寨组和独山组土壤Cd与Sb污染的潜在生态风险。