海空重力测量及应用技术研究进展与展望(四):数值模型构建与综合应用技术

分析总结了海空重力测量数据向上和向下延拓技术的研究现状及发展方向,简要论述了海空重力测量多源数据融合处理技术的研究动态及发展前景,分析讨论了海空重力测量数据应用于地球外部重力场赋值和大地水准面精化技术的研究进展及发展思路,为海空重力测量数值建模与数据综合应用技术的未来发展提供参考。     

绿色海堤的沉积地貌与生态系统动力学原理: 研究综述*

绿色海堤是传统结构工程与海岸生态系统共同组合而成的新型海堤, 用以应对未来海面上升、风暴加剧给低地海岸防护带来的挑战。需解决的问题主要有海岸生态系统消浪过程及生态系统在海堤体系中的配置方式。理论分析、现场观测、物模数模所获结果表明, 海岸生态系统确有显著的消浪功能: 1) 陆架泥区消浪, 其机制以再悬浮和浮泥运动为主, 底部摩擦为次; 2) 潮滩下部的粉砂细砂滩底部摩擦和推移质运动共同造成波能耗散, 而上部的泥滩则以再悬浮和悬沙输运为主; 3) 在盐沼、红树林、海草床等由植被构成的生态系统, 植物通过形态阻力、茎秆运动来阻滞水流、耗散波能, 其效能高于沉积物床面对波能的耗散; 4) 生物礁主要有珊瑚礁和牡蛎礁, 其消能作用主要通过床面摩擦和波浪破碎, 效能较高, 尤其是在风暴期间。生态系统如何成为海堤的有机组成部分, 尤其是侵蚀型海岸的生态位修复和绿色海堤整体设计, 还需进一步研究相关的科学问题: 与硬质工程结合的盐沼-牡蛎礁的适应性生物学; 未来环境变化条件下生态系统的稳定性; 绿色海堤生态系统空间配置及其与风暴事件的时间尺度匹配; 基于均衡剖面理论的海堤形态优化。     

江苏海岸中部近岸冬季潮汐和潮流特征

南黄海西侧的江苏海岸近岸区域,素以地形复杂、潮流强劲、悬沙输运剧烈著称,但是较长期的同步潮位和潮流观测数据仍然缺乏,尤其是在近岸(20 km)浅水(20 m)区域。2014年1月在大丰港附近开展了连续潮位和潮流观测,获得的数据揭示了一系列特征。此地潮汐潮流为正规半日潮,浅水分潮显著。平均潮差为3.05 m,最显著的两个分潮为M2和S2分潮,振幅分别为1.45 m和0.52 m。潮流最显著的半日分潮M2分潮和最显著的浅水分潮M4分潮在沿岸方向上振幅分别为0.84m/s和0.12m/s,在跨岸方向上振幅分别为0.24 m/s和0.01 m/s,沿岸方向占绝对优势。潮波的沿岸传播介于前进波和驻波之间,驻波的特征稍强。M2分潮潮流椭圆最大流(长轴)方向为南偏东7.4°。存在冬季沿岸向北的余流,垂向平均值的大小为2.2 cm/s。以上潮汐潮流特征为该区域海洋物质输运研究提供了基础资料。     

溢油乳化过程C波段微波散射特性实验研究

本文基于水槽溢油观测实验,研究溢油乳化过程中表面散射特性的变化。利用全极化C波段微波散射计和矢量网络分析仪等测量设备对易发生乳化反应沥青含量小于3%的原油（A型油）、油田中开采出的新鲜原油（B型油）和经过脱水去杂质处理的工业原油（C型油）进行观测。文中详细分析了在C波段微波下乳化油膜与平静水面的后向散射差异,以及油膜乳化过程对后向散射的影响,结果显示在低风速、无浪的条件下（最大波高低于3mm）,原油的乳化反应可通过表面粗糙度和自身介电常数的变化来调制雷达后向散射,并且这两种方式中表面粗糙度的影响占主导地位。对比B型和C型原油在乳化状态和未乳化状态下的表面后向散射,结果显示在各状态下B型油膜表面后向散射均大于C型油,且在VV、HH、HV/VH极化方式下两者后向散射平均差异分别为2.19 dB、2.63 dB、2.21 dB,在20%油膜含水率的乳化状态下差异较未乳化状态时小,平均差异分别为0.98 dB、1.49 dB、1.5 dB,结果表明不同类型油种间由于成分和油膜属性的不同会在一定程度上导致油膜表面粗糙度存在差异,影响油膜表面后向散射。     

Environmental impact of fluidized solidified silt casting on surrounding water bodies

Abstract

With the growing demand for underwater refill engineering, the construction technology of implementing fluidized solidification in underwater pouring has recently received increased attention. However, the environmental impact of underwater casting on surrounding water bodies, especially when the silt is polluted, is still unclear. In this study, a simulated underwater pouring test and a static immersion release test were conducted separately to study the quality of the surrounding water during and after pouring. The results showed that fluidized-solidified silt casting could increase the pH of the surrounding water, even after the pouring had stopped, by approximately 1.0 and the turbidity could reach 200 NTU. No diffusion of Zn and Cu into the surrounding water was observed and while Ni and Cr exhibited slight diffusion, this was at a level well below international water quality standard. During construction, reducing the distance from the seafloor to the bottom of the pouring catheter could reduce the level of pollution. After construction, the use of neutral solidified materials can effectively reduce the pH of the surrounding water and the potential risk of heavy metal dissolution.     

东海PN断面透明胞外聚合颗粒物分布特征及来源研究

透明胞外聚合颗粒物（TEP）是凝聚网的重要组成部分甚至核心,在微尺度范围上形成了水环境结构的重要梯度,对于元素地球化学生物循环、碳沉降以及食物网有着举足轻重的作用。本文研究了东海典型断面PN透明胞外聚合颗粒物的分布特征及来源。结果表明:东海典型断面PN透明胞外聚合颗粒物含量介于28~376 μg Xeq./L之间,平均值为（115±67）μg Xeq./L;呈现出明显的夏季 > 冬季 > 秋季 > 春季的季节变化特征以及近岸 > 外海和底层 > 表层的分布趋势。通过对比透明胞外聚合颗粒物分布趋势和硅藻、甲藻分布趋势以及统计分析得出,东海典型断面PN透明胞外聚合颗粒物主要来源于硅藻,甲藻贡献不大;而外海TEP的来源可能主要由超微型浮游植物贡献。     

基于景观格局变化的海岸带生态风险评价——以辽宁省瓦房店市为例

文章利用RS和GIS技术手段对辽宁省瓦房店市1990—2015年的变迁过程进行监测,得出各历史时期的土地利用变化信息。将各类土地利用信息与景观生态学相结合,利用景观格局破碎度、景观分离度、景观优势度作为指标构建景观损失指数,并利用景观组分的面积比重构建海岸带生态风险指数。基于ArcGIS和Fragstats软件平台,通过空间采样和插值方法得到区域生态风险的空间分布,据此重构了瓦房店市1990—2015年的生态风险值变化过程。监测表明,1990—2015年期间,耕地、林地和滩涂呈减少趋势,水域和建设用地逐年增加,其他类型变化幅度不大。虽然耕地所占总面积比例由45.37%减少至37.23%,但一直是瓦房店最主要的景观。25年间瓦房店生态安全总体呈下降态势,1990—2015年6时段的生态风险年平均值分别为0.211 9、0.200 3、0.203 2、0.194 9、0.209 7和0.209 1。在时间维度,1990—2005年和2010—2015年生态安全度下降明显;在空间维度,瓦房店市海岸带的李官镇-三台满族乡和谢屯镇-炮台镇的生态风险度高,西杨乡、东岗镇和驼山乡生态风险由极高降为高或中,生态安全度有所提高。研究表明,人口和社会经济发展是影响瓦房店市景观格局变化的主要因素,该区域未来海岸带要实现可持续开发必须要进行科学的规划。     

Responses of soil moisture to vegetation restoration type and slope length on the loess hillslope

Soil moisture, a critical variable in the hydrologic cycle, is highly influenced by vegetation restoration type. However, the relationship between spatial variation of soil moisture, vegetation restoration type and slope length is controversial. Therefore, soil moisture across soil layers (0-400 cm depth) was measured before and after the rainy season in severe drought (2015) and normal hydrological year (2016) in three vegetation restoration areas (artificial forestland, natural forestland and grassland), on the hillslopes of the Caijiachuan Catchment in the Loess area, China. The results showed that artificial forestland had the lowest soil moisture and most severe water deficit in 100-200 cm soil layers. Water depletion was higher in artificial and natural forestlands than in natural grassland. Moreover, soil moisture in the shallow soil layers (0-100 cm) under the three vegetation restoration types did not significantly vary with slope length, but a significant increase with slope length was observed in deep soil layers (below 100 cm). In 2015, a severe drought hydrological year, higher water depletion was observed at lower slope positions under three vegetation restoration types due to higher transpiration and evapotranspiration and unlikely recharge from upslope runoff. However, in 2016, a normal hydrological year, there was lower water depletion, even infiltration recharge at lower slope positions, indicating receiving a large amount of water from upslope. Vegetation restoration type, precipitation, slope length and soil depth during a rainy season, in descending order of influence, had significant effects on soil moisture. Generally, natural grassland is more beneficial for vegetation restoration than natural and artificial forestlands, and the results can provide useful information for understanding hydrological processes and improving vegetation restoration practices on the Loess Plateau     

Spatial patterns in natural <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea crassifolia</Emphasis> forests of northwestern China,as basis for close-to-nature forestry

Close-to-nature forest management has been proposed as an effective method for improving the quality of plantation forests. Knowledge of spatial distribution patterns, structure, and succession trajectories in natural forests can provide guidelines for the establishment of close-to-nature forest plantations. Such knowledge is lacking in natural spruce (Picea crassifolia) forests in the Qilian Mountains of China, impeding the establishment of production forests. We conducted a case study in the Qilian Mountains to analyze the relationships between the naturally-formed forest patches and terrain factors, spatial heterogeneity of stand characteristics, and stand structure following harvesting disturbance. Our results suggested that spruce plantations will be effective on the N, NE, and NW slopes, at elevations between 2700 and 3300 m, and on slopes ranging from 15° to 45°. Further, planted forest patches should occupy 64% of the slope area on semi-shady slopes (NE, NW). Spatial patterns in the studied forest exhibited a strong scale-effect, and an area of 0.25 ha could be used as the most efficient plot scale for the management of spruce plantations. Partial logging is an effective method for the conversion of spruce planted forests into nearnatural forests, and the intensity of partial logging can be determined from the negative exponential function relationship between stand density and DBH. Our results provided critical information for the development of spruce plantations and conversion of existing plantations.     

半潜式航行体水平定深回转运动研究

半潜式航行体是遥控猎雷系统的重要组成部分,其回转机动性直接影响系统的探测精度及作业安全。 参照国外典型半潜式航行体设计仿真模型,建立其运动方程组,分别在不同航速和不同垂直舵角下对半潜式航行体的水平定深回转运动进行仿真分析。 仿真结果表明:半潜式航行体具有较好的回转机动性, 回转半径随着垂直舵角的增大而减小,横滚角随着航速及垂直舵角的增大而增大,应综合考虑回转半径及横滚角进行实际控制。