反射率的人为变化和地球上的气候

人类对地球环境的改变,从地理范围来说是广泛的,而且几乎包括了自然界的各个方面。例如,人们所饮的水、所吃的食物、所呼吸的空气以及所居住的小环境,从全球范围来说,都被人类改变了。在过去二十年中,人们对当前人类对环境的影响表示了关切,认为这种影响可能已经大到足以引起气候变化,而这种变化反过来又会在农业和其它方面产生显著后果。对当今和未来的气候有一种广泛流传的成见,认为只有现代技术才影响环境,这使多数研究     

安大略提敏斯地区金矿床的地质与演化

提敏斯地区金矿床和两个主要层控富碳酸盐岩段在空间与时间上密切共生,且与石英—长石斑岩有关。主要矿化类型为火山同生成因和变质成因两种。火山同生矿体包括层状石英一铁白云石“脉”、黄铁矿化碳酸盐岩、燧石—碳酸盐—凝灰岩及与火山口有关的后成角砾岩和细脉带中的矿体。变质矿体由产于各期区域变形和变质作用阶段发育的膨胀带中的石英—碳酸盐裂隙充填物组成,根据其特征划分为后生的。有证据表明,海底长英质火山作用及喷气热液活动阶段,在洋底及火山口地区,发生了金的初始同生富集作用,以后金又在区域变形,绿片岩相变质阶段进一步富集到石英—碳酸盐网脉中。太古代火山岩区的碳酸盐岩层尽管很薄(几百米),仍可代表能使金搬运和富集的,强烈热液活动期,这类“矿脉”可用以帮助找寻具有经济价值矿化的古火山口和有利构造带的位置。     

Chemical characterization of porewaters in an intertidal mudflat of the Seine estuary: relationship to erosion-deposition cycles

A seasonal field study was carried out in the Seine estuary to determine the chemistry of sediment porewaters using the 'peeper' technique and changes in the elevation of the mudflats using the 'Altus' technique. This approach allowed us to evaluate the release of nutrients and to link these releases to the sediment hydrodynamics. Our results show that nutrient and organic matter cycling in a Seine estuary mudflat exhibits a seasonal behaviour, which is mainly influenced by variations in hydrodynamics. Sediments, rich organic matter, were input during floods and they were mineralized during summer and autumn, releasing nutrients and dissolved organic carbon into the sediment porewaters. The nutrient release, including ammonium, is mainly linked to the mineralization of organic matter, while the release of phosphate is delayed. The delay could be the result of phosphate association with organic matter and/or its co-precipitation with calcium and iron.     

Application of a Bayesian approach to stochastic delineation of capture zones

This paper presents a Bayesian Monte Carlo method for evaluating the uncertainty in the delineation of well capture zones and its application to a wellfield in a heterogeneous, multiaquifer system. In the method presented, Bayes' rule is used to update prior distributions for the unknown parameters of the stochastic model for the hydraulic conductivity, and to calculate probability-based weights for parameter realizations using head residuals. These weights are then assigned to the corresponding capture zones obtained using forward particle tracking. Statistical analysis of the set of weighted protection zones results in a probability distribution for the capture zones. The suitability of the Bayesian stochastic method for a multilayered system is investigated, using the wellfield Het Rot at Nieuwrode, Belgium, located in a three-layered aquifer system, as an example. The hydraulic conductivity of the production aquifer is modeled as a spatially correlated random function with uncertain parameters. The aquitard and overlying unconfined aquifer are assigned random, homogeneous conductivities. The stochastic results are compared with deterministic capture zones obtained with a calibrated model for the area. The predictions of the stochastic approach are more conservative and indicate that parameter uncertainty should be taken into account in the delineation of well capture zones.     

Determining extreme parameter correlation in ground water models

In ground water flow system models with hydraulic-head observations but without significant imposed or observed flows, extreme parameter correlation generally exists. As a result, hydraulic conductivity and recharge parameters cannot be uniquely estimated. In complicated problems, such correlation can go undetected even by experienced modelers. Extreme parameter correlation can be detected using parameter correlation coefficients, but their utility depends on the presence of sufficient, but not excessive, numerical imprecision of the sensitivities, such as round-off error. This work investigates the information that can be obtained from parameter correlation coefficients in the presence of different levels of numerical imprecision, and compares it to the information provided by an alternative method called the singular value decomposition (SVD). Results suggest that (1) calculated correlation coefficients with absolute values that round to 1.00 were good indicators of extreme parameter correlation, but smaller values were not necessarily good indicators of lack of correlation and resulting unique parameter estimates; (2) the SVD may be more difficult to interpret than parameter correlation coefficients, but it required sensitivities that were one to two significant digits less accurate than those that required using parameter correlation coefficients; and (3) both the SVD and parameter correlation coefficients identified extremely correlated parameters better when the parameters were more equally sensitive. When the statistical measures fail, parameter correlation can be identified only by the tedious process of executing regression using different sets of starting values, or, in some circumstances, through graphs of the objective function.     

LANDSLIDE POTENTIALITY OF THE TSENGWEN RESERVOIR WATERSHED, TAIWAN

To recognize the geographical characteristics of the landslide areas will be helpful for the watershedmanagement in the reservoir watershed. According to the quantitative analysis, we'll take differentscores and weighting for the potential parameters of the landslide areas in the Tsengwen reservoirwatershed, and in the meanwhile, we'll extract the different factors, including the slope, aspect,altitude, soil and geological textures etc., and the results shown as maximum one--day rainfall, ratio offorests and average relief is the most affecting parameters on the potential risk map of landslide areas.     

DISCONTINUOUS FLOW OF TURBID DENSITY CURRENTS II.INTERNAL HYDRAULIC JUMP

1 INTERNAL HYDRAULIC JUMPS AND LOCAL WATER ENTRAINMENT Traveling and stationary internal hydraulic jumps in two-layer flow can occur in the following situations (Fig. 1). When a stratified fluid flows over an obstacle created by a sudden blockage, the layer of increased depth within the heavier fluid will propagate upstream as a traveling hydraulic jump. When the heavier fluid overtops the obstacle it will flow along the downstream face of the obstacle as a supercritical flow…     

第21章：地震图的结构及解释

地震图的解释是用于识别地震记录上出现的且形成相当复杂结构的各种地震波（震相）的技艺。正确识别所记录的震相及该震相在地球内部的传播路径是所有利用地震观测数据进行研究的途径。一幅地震图的形态反映了震源、传播路径、仪器特性和接收台站周围噪声的共同作用。理解地震图的复杂结构需要震源物理、地球结构和地震波传播的知识。总之，需要有分析地震波的长期经验。一个经验丰富的地震图分析员经常可发现并正确解释新手们不能察觉的记录特征，     

地震勘探中的时间-暴光声学

本文提出用于地下成像无源地震方法的分析,在该方法中应用环境地震噪声作为地下散射体的照明源。该成像算法能够以递归方式将新的数据融入到成像中,这使成像背景噪声随时间减少。在空间域不相干环境背景噪声的假设前提下推导出成像算法的点-扩展函数。点-扩展函数表征成像的分辨率,即接收排列长度和环境带宽的函数。     

Lead isotopes in lacustrine sediments and lichen transplants, contrasting and complimentary indicators of sources

The isotopic composition of lead has proven a powerful tool for the characterization of the types of its sources, and with other information on their identity. Lead is dispersed in the environment through water courses or airborne particulates, and has serious impact on the natural and human environments. Lake sediments record deposition derived mainly from its catchment while lichen represents the fine-grained atmospheric deposition of the site. The records of deposition differ in the scales of grain size, time and space. This investigation aims at comparing and contrasting these two types of records in an area affected essentially by a single visible emission source, and to improve the understanding of the controls on the formation of these records. The visible source is a Cu smelter complex with mining installations within the town of Karabash, in the southern Ural Mountains of Russia and considered one of the most heavily polluted areas in the world.