准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组甜点页岩油微观赋存特征及成因机制

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔页岩油是中国典型的陆相页岩油。通过场发射扫描电镜、激光共聚焦、纳米CT、核磁共振等实验技术联合对微纳米孔隙中页岩油赋存特征进行研究,结果表明甜点储层具有纳米—亚微米—微米全尺度含油特征。在微纳米尺度,油、水赋存特征表现为重质组分油附着于2~5 μm以上孔隙的孔壁及充填于2~5 μm以下的孔隙中,中质组分油赋存于2~5 μm以上孔隙的中央,孔隙水含量较少,呈孤立状赋存于2~5 μm以上孔隙的中央,并被中质组分油包裹。页岩油在微纳米孔隙中的赋存不仅受生烃超压充注控制,还受吸附作用及多期次成藏影响。孔隙表面润湿性由亲水润湿反转为亲油润湿是烃类发生吸附的主要原因,多期次成藏造成微纳米孔隙中油质差异及高的含油饱和度。早期生烃超压充注进储层的重质组分油在孔隙表面亲油润湿下吸附于孔隙表面,随着吸附层变厚,纳米级孔隙逐渐被充满,孔隙水被驱替到较大的孔隙中间;后期成熟的中质组分油以此方式进一步充注和调整。研究认为埋深较大的凹陷西部是有利勘探方向。微纳米孔隙中的重质组分油是未来页岩油提高采收率的方向。吉木萨尔页岩油微观赋存特征及成因机制可能具有普遍性,对于中国陆相页岩油的深入研究具有借鉴意义。     

New formulation of the two body problem using a continued fractional potential

In the present work, the two body problem using a potential of a continued fractions procedure is reformulated. The equations of motion for two bodies moving under their mutual gravity is constructed. The integrals of motion, angular momentum integral, center of mass integral, total mechanical energy integral are obtained. New orbit equation is obtained. Some special cases are followed directly. Some graphical illustrations are shown. The only included constant of the continued fraction procedure is adjusted so as to represent the so called J ₂ perturbation term of the Earth’s potential.     

Orbital evolution dynamics of two satellites in encounter phase using multiple scales expansion

An approximate solution of the encounter problem of two small satellites describing initially elliptical orbits around a massive oblate primary is obtained. The equations of motion of the center of mass of the two masses are developed in the most general form without any restrictions on the orbital elements. The method of multiple scales which seeks a solution whose behavior depends on several time scales is used. To overcome the singularity the equations of motion are transformed to the Struble variables. An analytical second order theory of the evolution dynamics is obtained. A MATHEMATICA program is constructed. The evolution dynamics of the orbital parameters between the perturbed and the unperturbed cases are plotted. The effect of changing eccentricity and changing inclination on the orbital parameters are highlighted.     

A second order Jupiter-Saturn planetary theory

We present a second order secular Jupiter-Saturn planetary theory through Poincaré canonical variables, von Zeipel's method and Jacobi-Radau referential. We neglect in our expansions terms of power higher than the fourth with respect to eccentricities and sines of inclinations. We assume that the disturbing function is composed of secular and critical terms only. We shall deriveF _2si and writeF _2s in terms of Poincaré canonical variables in Part II of this problem.     

Third order uranus-neptune planetary theory

We calculate in this paper the secular and critical terms arising from the principal part of the classical planetary Hamiltonian. This is the first step to establish a third order canonical planetary theory of Uranus-Neptune through the Hori-Lie technique. We truncate our expansions at the second degree of eccentricity-inclination. Our planetary theory is expressed in terms of the canonical variables of H. Poincaré.     

Fitting optimum order of Markov chain models for daily rainfall occurrences in Peninsular Malaysia

The analysis of the daily rainfall occurrence behavior is becoming more important, particularly in water-related sectors. Many studies have identified a more comprehensive pattern of the daily rainfall behavior based on the Markov chain models. One of the aims in fitting the Markov chain models of various orders to the daily rainfall occurrence is to determine the optimum order. In this study, the optimum order of the Markov chain models for a 5-day sequence will be examined in each of the 18 rainfall stations in Peninsular Malaysia, which have been selected based on the availability of the data, using the Akaike’s (AIC) and Bayesian information criteria (BIC). The identification of the most appropriate order in describing the distribution of the wet (dry) spells for each of the rainfall stations is obtained using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test. It is found that the optimum order varies according to the levels of threshold used (e.g., either 0.1 or 10.0 mm), the locations of the region and the types of monsoon seasons. At most stations, the Markov chain models of a higher order are found to be optimum for rainfall occurrence during the northeast monsoon season for both levels of threshold. However, it is generally found that regardless of the monsoon seasons, the first-order model is optimum for the northwestern and eastern regions of the peninsula when the level of thresholds of 10.0 mm is considered. The analysis indicates that the first order of the Markov chain model is found to be most appropriate for describing the distribution of wet spells, whereas the higher-order models are found to be adequate for the dry spells in most of the rainfall stations for both threshold levels and monsoon seasons.     

Remote Sensing Inversion for Simulation of Soil Salinization Based on Hyperspectral Data and Ground Analysis in Yinchuan,China

The Pingluo area, as an experimental study area in Yinchuan, has been subjected to major environmental degradation due to soil salinization problems. Soil salinization is one of the main problems of land degradation in arid and semiarid regions. In the present study, remote sensing was integrated with mathematical modeling to evaluate soil salinization adequately. To detect soil salinization, soil water content and electrical conductivity of soil samples were analyzed. The reflectance of soil samples was measured using a spectrometer (SR-3500) with 1024 bands. Indices of soil salinity, vegetation and drought were analyzed using Landsat images over the study area. Based on Landsat images, physicochemical analysis, reflectance of sensitive bands for soil salinization and environmental indices, canopy response salinity index (CRSI), perpendicular drought index (PDI) and enhanced normalized difference vegetation index (ENDVI), a new model was established for simulation and prediction of soil salinization in the study area. Correlation analyses and multiple regression methods were used to construct an accurate model. The results showed that green, blue and near-infrared light was significantly correlated with soil salinity and that the spectral parameters improved this correlation significantly. Therefore, the model was more effective when combining spectral parameters with sensitive bands with modeling. After mathematical transformation of soil reflectance, the correlations of bands sensitive to soil salinization were 0.739 and 0.7 for electrical conductivity and water content, respectively. After transformation of vegetation reflectance, the correlation coefficient of soil salinity became 0.577. After inversion of the model based on soil hyperspectral and water content, the significance became 0.871 and 0.726, respectively, which can be used to predict soil salinity and water content. The spectral soil salinity model had a coefficient of 0.739 for soil salinity prediction. Among the salinity indices, the CRSI was selected as the most significant, with R² of 0.571, whereas the R² for PDI reached only 0.484. Among the vegetation indices, the ENDVI had the highest response to soil salinity, with R² of 0.577. After scale conversion, the correlation percentages between CRSI and measured soil salinity and between ENDVI and measured soil salinity increased to 16.2% and 8.5%, respectively. Following the correlation between PDI and soil water content, the percentage of correlation increased to 11.6%. The integration of hyperspectral remote sensing, ground methods and an inversion method for salinity is a very important and effective technique for rapid and nondestructive monitoring of soil salinization.

     

Engaging indigenous people as geo-crowdsourcing sensors for ecotourism mapping via mobile data collection: a case study of the Royal Belum State Park

ABSTRACT

Web 2.0 and the proliferation of built-in Global Positioning System (GPS) on smartphones have influenced the increase of geo-crowdsourcing activities in a number of different contexts. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of indigenous people’s use of mobile collection applications that are embedded in a smartphone to facilitate ecotourism asset mapping. In order to achieve this, field usability testing was conducted where structured observational method was used to assess the performance. The findings indicate majority of them can complete the data entry tasks using mobile data collection. The performance of data entries using radio button, icons, camera and audio methods were identified as better than free text and drop-down list methods. There was a correlation between the level of education with the ability of using radio button, drop-down list and image icon as data entry methods. The paper also discusses the extent of local knowledge relating to ecotourism within the community. The findings should be useful in the understanding of the design of mobile geo-crowdsourcing tools for use within other contexts that focus on data collection by semiliterate and indigenous groups.