Wetland-Scale Mapping of Preferential Fresh Groundwater Discharge to the Colorado River

Quantitative evaluation of groundwater/surface water exchange dynamics is universally challenging in large river systems, because existing methodology often does not yield spatially-distributed data and is difficult to apply in deeper water. Here we apply a combined near-surface geophysical and direct groundwater chemical toolkit to refine fresh groundwater discharge estimates to the Colorado River through a 4-km² wetland that borders the town of Moab, Utah, USA. Preliminary characterization of raw electromagnetic imaging (EMI) data, collected by kayak and by walking, was used to guide additional direct-contact electrical measurements and installation of new monitoring wells. Chemical data from the wells strongly supported the EMI spatial characterization of preferential fresh groundwater discharge embedded in natural brine groundwaters and weighted to the southern wetland section. Inversion of the EMI data revealed sub-meter scale detail regarding bulk electrical conductivity zonation across approximately 15.5 km of transects, collected in only 3 days. This electrical detail indicates processes such as salinization of the unsaturated zone and direct discharge through the Colorado River sediments and a tributary creek bed. Overall, the study contributed to a substantial reduction in fresh groundwater discharge estimates previously made using sparse existing well data and a simplified assumption of diffuse fresh groundwater discharge below the entire wetland. EMI will likely become a widely used tool in systems with natural electrical contrast as groundwater/surface water hydrogeologists continue to recognize the prevalence of preferential groundwater discharge processes.     

海洋微生物对甲胺磷农药的降解作用

作者从沿岸海域分离了38株有机磷农药的耐药菌,用分批培养法进行富集培养,得到有机磷农药的降解菌,并着重研究了其中两株菌对甲胺磷农药的降解情况,其结果表明,在10d内,降解菌株1对甲胺磷的降解率为59．1％,降解菌株2的降解率为53．3％,在各自的安磷培养液中,降解菌株1的数量大于降解菌株2;在甲胺降解过程中,其毒性逐渐减弱,降解菌株1所引起的毒性下降幅度大于降解菌株2。     

营养盐亏缺与恢复对威氏海链藻(Thalassiosira weissflogii)生长和生化组成的影响

通过室内纯培养,研究了营养盐亏缺以及解除亏缺对威氏海链藻 ( Thalassiosira weissflogii ) 的细胞形态、细胞增殖、胞内蛋白质、可溶性糖含量变化的影响,考察了藻细胞生长和生化组成的恢复情况.结果表明,在多种营养盐亏缺 ( N 亏缺、P 亏缺、Si 亏缺、N + P 亏缺、贫营养 ) 的条件下,威氏海链藻生长受到不同程度的抑制,全部受试细胞形态均出现不同程度变异,细胞增殖显著低于正常营养供给.恢复营养,细胞形态的损伤能得以有效恢复,细胞增殖能力得以一定程度的有限恢复,其中氮、磷亏缺的恢复效应最为明显.营养盐亏缺,各处理组细胞生化组成显著低于正常培养状态.恢复营养,氮、磷亏缺组藻细胞生化组成仍显著低于正常营养供给,生化组成的恢复效应不明显,生理活性无法恢复,而硅盐亏缺的藻细胞生长和生化组成均能恢复到正常水平.实验证明,微藻细胞的生化组成比形态变化与增殖更能反映营养盐亏缺,可作为微藻受氮、磷营养盐限制的指标.     

Comparison of event‐specific rainfall–runoff responses and their controls in contrasting geographic areas

Numerous studies have examined the event‐specific hydrologic response of hillslopes and catchments to rainfall. Knowledge gaps, however, remain regarding the relative influence of different meteorological factors on hydrologic response, the predictability of hydrologic response from site characteristics, or even the best metrics to use to effectively capture the temporal variability of hydrologic response. This study aimed to address those knowledge gaps by focusing on 21 sites with contrasting climate, topography, geology, soil properties, and land cover. High‐frequency rainfall and discharge records were analysed, resulting in the delineation of over 1,600 rainfall–runoff events, which were described using a suite of hydrologic response metrics and meteorological factors. Univariate and multivariate statistical techniques were then applied to synthesize the information conveyed by the computed metrics and factors, notably measures of central tendency and variability, variation partitioning, partial correlations, and principal component analysis. Results showed that some response magnitude metrics generally reported in the literature (e.g., runoff ratio and area‐normalized peak discharge) did not vary significantly among sites. The temporal variability in site‐specific hydrologic response was often attributable to the joint influence of storage‐driven (e.g., total event rainfall and antecedent precipitation) and intensity‐driven (e.g., rainfall intensity and antecedent potential evapotranspiration) meteorological factors. Mean annual temperature and potential evapotranspiration at a given site appeared to be good predictors of hydrologic response timing (e.g., response lag and lag to peak). Response timing metrics, particularly those associated with response initiation, were also identified as the metrics most critical for capturing intrasite response variability. This study therefore contributes to the growing knowledge on event‐specific hydrologic response by highlighting the importance of response timing metrics and intensity‐driven meteorological factors, which are infrequently discussed in the literature. As few correlations were found between physiographic variables and response metrics, more data‐driven studies are recommended to further our understanding of landscape–hydrology interactions.     

基于循环经济的湿地利用模式——以华侨城湿地为例

随着湿地开发利用项目日益增多,湿地生态环境的保护与社会、经济效益增长之间的关系也越来越受到人们的关注。在循环经济的指导下,华侨城集团提出滨海湿地利用新模式——华侨城湿地多业态综合利用模式,实现生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的"三赢",并为湿地资源的保护和利用提供新的思路。     

He incorporation and diffusion pathways in pure and defective zircon ZrSiO4: A density functional theory study

In this paper, we report a detailed study of helium (He) incorporation and diffusion pathways in the perfect and defective zircon lattice. Ab initio methods based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) were used to calculate the structural features, the solution energies in interstitial sites in the perfect zircon and in vacancy sites of the defective lattice and He diffusion pathways in these systems. We show that the mode of He incorporation in the perfect zircon is influenced mainly by the topological features of the lattice, promoting site preference of He towards accommodation in the interstitial sites present in the middle of c cylinder channels. The presence of defect species in the form of lattice vacancies and interstitials has a significant effect on He solubility and diffusivity in the lattice, where the ability of lattice vacancies to act as physical traps or repulsive sites depends greatly on the electronic nature of the vacancy, which can enhance solubility of He in the lattice and affect the kinetics of He mobility in zircon mineral.     

A computer simulation study of the accommodation and diffusion of He in uranium- and plutonium-doped zircon (ZrSiO4)

We report the results of an atomistic computational study of He accommodation and diffusion in the Pu⁴⁺- and U⁴⁺-doped zircon (ZrSiO₄). The He-cation potentials derived for this work give results of comparable accuracy to DFT calculations. We have calculated the structural features of doped lattices as well as He solution energies in interstitial sites in the perfect and doped zircon and its diffusion in these lattices. The mode of He accommodation in the perfect zircon is influenced mainly by the topological features of the lattice, promoting site preference of He towards accommodation in the interstitial sites present in the middle of c cylinder channels, whereas the presence of Pu⁴⁺ and U⁴⁺ dopants in the zircon lattice significantly affects the energetics of He accommodation and diffusion in the lattice. Doping causes strong local structural distortions, extending to next nearest-neighbour atoms of the dopants to a radius of up to ∼4 Å, in agreement with experimental results. The presence of dopants in the vicinity of He enhances the solubility of He in the lattice compared to the perfect lattice. The mechanism of diffusion is also affected, where the dopants can create a He trap along the most energetically favourable pathway in the (0 0 1) direction, which may slow down the movement of He along the c direction. The dopants also lower the energy barriers by ∼50% in the octahedral sites.     

Changing relations in global environmental change

We discuss a cross-national pilot study in Sweden and the UK examining young people's environmental concerns and their perceptions of the causes and solutions. The study demonstrates that evaluations of the causes of environmental degradation are partly contingent upon the manner in which questions are framed leading to quite different interpretations of the findings. Moreover, attitudes also differ significantly between the British and the Swedish sample: in the UK environmental degradation is seen as more serious but also more distant from the respondents’ everyday experiences when answering pre-formulated questions. The causes of environmental degradation are located in both countries in government and industry policies promoting economic growth on the one hand. On the other, respondents identify distant developments in emerging economies as problems, without connecting their local experiences to the global effects they describe. In the open-ended part of the survey, individual behaviour is seen as the most important cause of environmental degradation. But while British respondents describe individuals as selfish, lazy and consumerist, Swedish respondents emphasise also structural causes like Western lifestyles and the market society. We present possible explanations for these differences and discuss the relationships between the global and the local in relation to constructions of the Other as well as the relationship of individualism and authoritarianism that emerge from the results.     

Temporal changes of polyphenols and enzyme activities in seedlings of Kandelia obovata under lead and manganese stresses

The temporal responses of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total polyphenols (TP), extractable condensed tannins (ECT) to different levels of lead (Pb) or manganese (Mn) stress, as well as the metal accumulation, in seedlings of Kandelia obovata were investigated. Both stress time and stress intensity had significant effects with significant accumulation of Pb and Mn in roots at Day 1. Pb and Mn showed no significant effects on root or leaf TP and ECT at Day 1. Prolonged exposure to metals caused significant drops of root TP and ECT but increased in leaves at Days 7 and 49. POD activities decreased in both roots and leaves at Day 1, while POD and SOD both increased under moderate levels of Pb and Mn at Day 7. The present study showed that antioxidative enzyme activities were more sensitive indicators to Pb or Mn stresses than phenolic compounds.     

Differences in leaf construction cost between alien and native mangrove species in Futian, Shenzhen, China: implications for invasiveness of alien species

Construction cost (CC) is a quantifiable measure of energy demand for biomass production, and low CC is hypothesized to give an alien plant growth advantages and increase its potential to be an invader. Comparison of leaf CC and growth traits between alien and native mangroves in Shenzhen Futian Nature Reserve showed CC per unit mass (CC_mass), carbon concentration and gross and ash-free caloric values of alien mangroves were significantly lower than those of native species, while the height and chest circumference were just the opposite. Alien species Sonneratia apetala had the lowest CC_mass while Sonneratia caseolaris had the lowest CC_area, and were 8.99% and 32.17% lower than those of native species, respectively. Conversely, specific leaf area (SLA) of these two Sonneratia species was significantly higher than native species. Lower CC and higher SLA make the two Sonneratia species grow and spread faster than other mangroves and enhance their invasive potential.