Petrology,isotope characteristics,and K-Ar ages of the Maranhão,northern Brazil,Mesozoic basalt province

Northern Brazil contains remnants of Mesozoic flood basalts and hypabyssal rocks that were apparently emplaced during tectonism related to opening of the Atlantic Ocean. Analyses and new K-Ar ages reveal that this 700x250 km Maranhão province (5°–8°S) has low-Ti basalts (1.1 wt% TiO₂) in the western part that range about 160 to 190 Ma, and high-Ti basalts (3.4–4.4 wt% TiO₂) in the eastern part about 115–122 Ma. Low-Ti basalt compositions are less evolved and have a smaller range, Mg# 62-56, than the high-Ti basalts, Mg# 44–33. General characteristics of the least evolved members of low- and high-Ti groups include, respectively, Zr 100 and 250 ppm, Sr 225 and 475 ppm, Ba 200 and 500 ppm, Nb 10 and 26 ppm, Y 29 and 36 ppm, La/Yb_(n) 4.2 and 8.8, where La_(n) is 30 and 90. Overall compositions resemble the low- and high-Ti basaltic rocks of the Mesozoic Serra Geral (Paraná) province in southern Brazil. The Maranhão low-Ti basalts have more radiogenic Sr and Pb and higher ¹⁸O than the high-Ti basalts. Respectively, low- vs high-Ti: _Sr26–54 vs 15–18; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.25–.78 vs 18.22–.24; and ¹⁸O 8.9–12.6 vs 6.5–8.6. Nd isotopes overlap: _Nd–1.6 to –3.8 vs –2.1 to –3. Ages, compositions, and isotopes indicate that the low- and high-Ti groups had independent parentages from enriched subcontinental mantle. However, both groups can be modeled from one source composition if low-Ti basalt isotopes reflect crustal contamination, and if the parentages for each group were picritic liquids that represent either higher (for low-Ti) or lower (for high-Ti) percentages of melting of that single source. When comparing Pb isotopes of Maranhão and Serra Geral high-Ti basalts (uncontaminated) to evaluate the DUPAL anomaly, Maranhão has Pb 7/4=4.6–11, and Pb 8/4=72–87; Serra Geral has Pb 7/4=10–13, and Pb 8/4=95–125. The small difference is not enough to conform to DUPAL contours, and is inconsistent with large-scale isotopic heterogeneity of mantle beneath Brazil prior to rifting of South America from Africa. Maranhão low-Ti magmas probably relate to the opening of central North Atlantic, and high-Ti magmas to the opening of equatorial Atlantic. The proposed greater percentage of source melting for low-Ti basalts may reflect a Triassic-Jurassic hotspot, while lesser melting for high-Ti magmas may relate to Cretaceous decompressional (rifting) melting.     

Trace elements as indicators of the physicochemical conditions of mineral formation in hydrothermal sulfide systems

The three-mode distribution of trace-element (TE) concentrations is observed in accordance with three main forms of TE occurrence in mineral: structural, surficial, and phase (native TE phases). Minerals of hydrothermally synthesized pyrite–pyrrhotite–magnetite–greenockite assemblage in the presence of Au and Mn are studied. Discrimination of modes is made, using the method of statistical sample of analytical data for single crystals (SSADSC), which is based on the postulate that individual crystals can contain predominantly one of possible forms. This is supported by study of Cd modes of occurrence by element thermorelease atomic-absorption spectrometry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic-force microscopy were used to examine the surficial TE forms. It has been confirmed that the dependence of the TE content on the crystal size in the sample is mainly due to surficial nonautonomous phases absorbing TEs. The effect of correspondence of chemical-component forms on the surfaces of coexisting minerals is also corroborated. This phenomenon is not related to the mutual contamination of phases but is due to the induction of the corresponding states of chemical forms in coexisting nonautonomous phases. It is possible to obtain true coefficients of interface distribution, characterizing structural TE impurities. These coefficients differ strongly from apparent distribution coefficients calculated from the bulk contents of impurities, except for Mn in pyrrhotite and magnetite, where its structural mode is predominant. The results obtained show that TEs can be used as quantitative geochemical indicators, which help to obtain correct information about the parameters of mineral formation and TE contents in the fluid phase.     

上海热浪与健康监测预警系统

用1989～1998年上海逐日4次气象观测资料,应用美国特拉华大学的SSC天气分类方法确定逐日天气类型,形成了10年逐日天气类型日历。并通过天气类型与死亡率的对比分析,确定MT+类型是上海地区形成热浪的“侵人型”气团,是具有最高死亡率的天气类型。采用逐步回归方法建立了MT+类型下因受热浪侵袭而超正常死亡数的回归方程。在此基础上建立了上海热浪与健康监测预警系统。通过1999年气象和死亡实况资料检验,系统对热浪及因此引起的死亡具有较好的监测和预警效果。     

中国汽车工业──改革开放后的重整与国际化

大规模的重整和广泛的国际化是改革开放后中国汽车工业发展的两个主要特征。作者首先从企业组织结构、生产能力与品种结构、规模经济和空间分布等四个方面分析了近二十年来中国汽车工业重整的效果及所形成的行业特征;其次根据利用的外资和技术的来源以及涉及的技术形态分析了其国际化的程度及在世界汽车工业中的位置;最后总结了中国汽车工业面临的若干问题,并提出在散乱的格局和跨国公司竞争的双重压力下,中国汽车工业正处于成长的关键时期。     

土壤中Cd、Pb、Hg离子的地球化学行为模拟实验

研究了山西省3种不同质地的土壤对Cd2＋、Pb2＋、Hg2＋的吸附、解吸和3种离子在土壤中的运移特性。结果表明,Cd2＋、Pb2＋和Hg2＋在粘粒土壤中的吸附能力大于在砂粒土壤中的吸附能力,且3种土壤对Pb2＋都有很强的吸附能力,吸附的Pb2＋很难在土壤中解吸下来。3种土壤对3种金属离子的吸附能力为Pb2＋＞Cd2＋＞Hg2＋,解吸能力正好相反,这主要与土壤的不同性质和3种重金属离子的水合离子半径、离子的水合能密切相关。Cd2＋在3种土壤中的等温吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir方程,Pb2＋在3种土壤中的吸附特征符合Henry方程,而Hg2＋在3种土壤中的吸附符合Langmuir方程。土柱淋滤实验表明,Hg2＋在土壤中的穿透性很强,Cd2＋次之,Pb2＋在土壤中的穿透性最慢,其在长达20天的淋滤过程中仍然没有穿透土柱。3种不同质地的土壤对Cd2＋、Pb2＋和Hg2＋的迁移能力都表现为：大同土壤＞临汾土壤＞太原土壤。     

Structure and age of the northern Leeuwin Complex,Western Australia: Constraints from field mapping and U–Pb isotopic analysis

Rocks in the northern Leeuwin Complex of southwestern Australia preserve evidence of having formed during the breakup of Rodinia and the subsequent amalgamation of Gondwana. Detailed field mapping, structural investigation and U–Pb isotopic zircon analysis, using the Sensitive High‐mass Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP), have revealed that: (i) protoliths of pink granite gneiss and grey granodiorite gneiss crystallised at ca 750 Ma, coeval with breakup of western Rodinia; (ii) granulite/upper amphibolite facies metamorphism occurred at 522 ± 5 Ma, in the Early Cambrian, ～100 million years later than previous estimates and of identical age to estimates of the final amalgamation of Gondwana; and (iii) three major phases of ductile deformation occurred during or after this metamorphism and represent a progressive strain evolution from subvertical shortening (D1) to subhorizontal east‐west (D2) then north‐northwest‐south‐southeast (D3) contraction.     

Sedimentology and palynology of the Calafate Formation (Maastrichtian), Austral Basin, Southern Patagonia, Argentina

The Calafate Formation crops out in south-western Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, and displays a stacking of asymmetrical coarsening–fining-upward cycles. These cycles are interpreted as the product of short-lived transgressive-regressive events in which the coarsening upward part represents sedimentary aggradation with a stable or decreasing sea level. Sedimentological and palynological analyses indicate nearshore marine conditions. Even though the existence of an estuary or incised valley cannot be determined, this is the most probable palaeogeographic model. Based on dinoflagellate cysts, the base of the section is considered to be not older than Maastrichtian. The presence of the oyster Ambigostrea clarae (Ihering) occurring together with the dinoflagellate cyst species Manumiella druggii (Stover) Bujak and Davies and Eisenackia circumtabulata Drugg in the middle part of the section indicates an age no older than late Maastrichtian. According to sedimentological data, deposits representing the Cretaceous–Palaeogene transition would have been eroded, which is confirmed by the presence of Grapnelispora loncochensis Papú. This megaspore is a consistent component of the Maastrichtian assemblages from Patagonia.     

Estimation of Uplift Capacity of Rapidly Loaded Plate Anchors in Soft Clay

Plate anchors are extensively used in civil engineering constructions as they provide an economical alternative to gravity and other embedded anchors. The rate of loading is one of the important factors that affects the magnitude of soil resistance as well as soil suction force. This article outlines the effect of pullout rate on uplift behavior of plate anchors (70 mm diameter) buried in soft saturated clay by varying the pullout rate from 1.4 mm/min to 21.0 mm/min. The variation of breakout force and suction force with embedment depth and rate of pull are presented. A correlation between the rate of increase of undrained strength of clay and anchor capacity with rate of strain has been established. Finally an empirical equation has been proposed that includes the rate of pull in the estimation of breakout capacity of anchors.