Methane biotransformation in the ocean and its effects on climate change: A review

Methane is a potent greenhouse gas. Continental margins contain large reservoirs of methane as solid gas hydrate and the dissolved and gaseous forms of methane. Submarine methane seeps along the global continental margins, including the coastal seas, have been estimated to contribute 0.01 to 0.05 Gt of carbon to the atmosphere annually, accounting for between 1% and 5% of the global methane emissions to the atmosphere. Much of this methane is exhausted via microbial anaerobic methane oxidation. Methane biotransformation in the ocean has effects on global climate change. This review mainly introduces the mechanisms of methanogenesis and methane oxidation and describes new findings that will provide information that will improve the understanding of the balance in terms of the generation, migration and consumption of methane in marine environments. Moreover, this review provides new insights into methane biogeochemical cycles and the effects of marine methane budgets on global climate.     

南洞庭湖杨树(Populus deltoides)清理迹地恢复初期涨水前后土壤种子库特征

本文研究了南洞庭湖杨树清理1 a、2 a后的迹地（简称1 a和2 a）和未清理杨树洲滩（ck）涨水前后土壤种子库特征变化及其与地上植被的关系.结果显示：杨树清理迹地土壤种子库共萌发物种23科59属65种,涨水前后土壤种子库密度和种类均表现出1 a > 2 a > ck的趋势,且随着土层加深而递减.退水后ck、1 a、2 a不同土层物种数量和密度较涨水前均有所减少,其中一或二年生物种较涨水前有所减少,多年生物种占比增加;湿生物种与中生物种数目较涨水前均有所减少,而2 a土壤种子库中生物种比例较涨水前有所增加.涨水前后土壤种子库Shannon-Wiener和Simpson指数变化较小,退水后Margalef指数较涨水前有所下降.退水后地上植被物种Shannon-Wiener和Simpson指数高于涨水前地上植被,而Margalef指数有所下降.涨水前Sørensen相似性系数表现为1 a > 2 a > ck的趋势,退水后表现为2 a > 1 a > ck的趋势,涨水前后不同恢复年份土壤种子库和地上植被优势物种所占比例有所差异.研究表明,南洞庭湖杨树清理迹地退水后土壤种子库密度和种类显著下降,随着恢复年份和水淹频次的增加,一或二年生物种迅速减少,多年生物种比例增加,地上植被物种均匀性有所增加,可见水文因子是影响南洞庭湖杨树清理迹地种子库恢复能力的重要因素.     

鄂西早三叠世南漳-远安动物群地层分布特征

在区域地质调查的基础上,以远安张家湾嘉陵江组剖面为重点,通过对南漳和远安交界地区下三叠统嘉陵江组剖面测制和多处化石点考察,重新厘定研究区内嘉陵江组岩性特征.认为研究区内的嘉陵江组划分为3个岩性段更为合理,产南漳-远安动物群的纹层状灰岩段位于二段顶部.通过系统化石发掘和张家湾剖面详细描述,初步查明了南漳-远安动物群的垂向...     

基于CMIP5模式与Argo观测数据的海洋有效重力势能分析

有效重力势能作为重力势能中活跃的部分,能够参与海洋能量循环。本文计算和评估了CMIP5中9个模式的全球大洋2 000 m以上积分的有效重力势能和200～500 m深度范围内的中尺度有效重力势能,并与由BOA_Argo观测数据计算的结果进行比较。分析表明,就全球大洋2 000 m以上积分的有效重力势能而言,多数模式的计算结果均大于由Argo观测数据计算的结果。通过比较有效重力势能的空间分布特征,发现在强动力活跃区（特别是黑潮、湾流、南极绕极流区）,模式与观测相差较大,其差别主要来源于观测与模式中扰动密度的差异。此外,在黑潮和南大洋区域,涡动能和有效重力势能具有较高的时间相关性,而在北大西洋湾流区域,两者的相关性较低;功率谱分析显示中尺度有效重力势能与涡动能都存在显著的半年和年变化周期。     

Spatial-temporal variability of snow cover over the Amur River Basin inferred from MODIS daily snow products in recent decades

MODIS snow products MOD10A1\MYD10A1 provided us a unique chance to investigate snow cover as well as its spatial-temporal variability in response to global changes from regional and global perspectives. By means of MODIS snow products MOD10A1\MYD10A1 derived from an extensive area of the Amur River Basin, mainly located in the Northeast part of China, some part in far east area of the former USSR and a minor part in Republic of Mongolia, the reproduced snow datasets after removal of cloud effects covering the whole watershed of the Amur River Basin were generated by using 6 different cloud-effect-removing algorithms. The accuracy of the reproduced snow products was evaluated with the time series of snow depth data observed from 2002 to 2010 within the Chinese part of the basin, and the results suggested that the accuracies for the reproduced monthly mean snow depth datasets derived from 6 different cloud-effect-removing algorithms varied from 82% to 96%, the snow classification accuracies (the harmonic mean of Recall and Precision) was higher than 80%, close to the accuracy of the original snow product under clear sky conditions when snow cover was stably accumulated. By using the reproduced snow product dataset with the best validated cloud-effect-removing algorithm newly proposed, spatial-temporal variability of snow coverage fraction (SCF), the date when snow cover started to accumulate (SCS) as well as the date when being melted off (SCM) in the Amur River Basin from 2002 to 2016 were investigated. The results indicated that the SCF characterized the significant spatial heterogeneity tended to be higher towards East and North but lower toward West and South over the Amur River Basin. The inter-annual variations of SCF showed an insignificant increase in general with slight fluctuations in majority part of the basin. Both SCS and SCM tended to be slightly linear varied and the inter-annual differences were obvious. In addition, a clear decreasing trend in snow cover is observed in the region. Trend analysis (at 10% significance level) showed that 71% of areas between 2,000 and 2,380 m a.s.l. experienced a reduction in duration and coverage of annual snow cover. Moreover, a severe snow cover reduction during recent years with sharp fluctuations was investigated. Overall spatial-temporal variability of Both SCS and SCM tended to coincide with that of SCF over the basin in general.     

城市土地利用——交通集成模型的构建与应用（英文）

China is now experiencing rapid urbanization. Powerful tools are required to assess its urban spatial policies before implemented toward a more competitive and sustainable development paradigm. This study develops a Land Use Transport Interaction(LUTI) model to evaluate the impacts of urban land-use policies on urban spatial development. The model consists of four sub-models, i.e., transport, residential location, employment location and real estate rent sub-models. It is then applied to Beijing metropolitan area to forecast the urban activity evolution trend based on the land-use policies between 2009 and 2013. The modeling results show that more and more residents and enterprises in the city choose to agglomerate on outskirts, and new centers gradually emerge to share the services originally delivered by central Beijing. The general trend verifies the objectives of the government plan to develop more sub-centers around Beijing. The proposed activity-based model provides a distinct tool for the urban spatial policy makers in China. Further research is also discussed at the end.     

氮素添加对草原不同冠层植物光合作用的影响

氮沉降对植物的生理生态特征具有重要影响,草原不同冠层植物光合特性对氮沉降的响应不同。通过向内蒙古典型草原人工施加氮肥模拟氮沉降,测定上层代表性植物羊草（Leymus chinensis）及下层代表性植物黄囊苔草（Carex korshinskyi）的光合速率（P_n）、水分利用效率（WUE）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和气孔导度（G_s）等光合特性指标及生物量,分析氮沉降对草原不同冠层植物的影响。结果表明：羊草净光合速率随着氮添加量增加呈先上升后下降趋势,而黄囊苔草净光合速率随着氮添加量增加呈上升趋势。氮添加增加了羊草的水分利用效率、生物量和相对生物量,但是对黄囊苔草的水分利用效率、生物量和相对生物量没有影响。在施氮量高于0.8 mol·m^-2后,黄囊苔草的气孔导度和蒸腾速率极显著高于羊草（P<0.01）;整体上看,随着氮添加梯度黄囊苔草蒸腾速率呈现增加的趋势,而羊草的气孔导度和蒸腾速率的变化没有明显的规律。典型草原区不同冠层植物的光合特性对氮添加具有不同的响应,上层植物对下层植物光合作用的限制较小。     

Connection between earthquakes and deep fluids revealed by magnetotelluric imaging in Songyuan,China

Songyuan is the most earthquake prone area in northeast China.Since 2006,earthquakes have occurred in the area in the form of swarms,with a maximum magnitude of M_L5.8.There is much controversy about the cause of the Songyuan earthquakes.We attempted to determine the cause using a three-dimensional electrical conductivity structure inverted from a regional network of magnetotelluric data in the Songyuan area.The L-BFGS inversion method was applied,with a fullimpedance tensor data set used as the inversion input.Combined with an evaluation of the earthquake locations,the resistivity model revealed a northeast-oriented hidden fault running through the Songyuan earthquake area(SEA),which was speculated to be the preexisting Fuyu-Zhaodong Fault(FZF).Our resistivity model also found an apparent lithospheric low-resistivity anomaly beneath the earthquake area,which breached the high-resistivity lithospheric mantle and stalled at the base of the crust.A petrophysical analysis showed that this lower crustal low-resistivity anomaly was most likely attributed to hydrated partial melting,which could release water into the lower crust during later magma emplacements.While weakening the strength of the FZF,these ascending fluids also increased the pore pressure in the fault,further reducing the shear strength of the fault.Shear stress action(a fault strike component of the east-west regional compress),together with possible near-surface disturbances,may drive the fault to slip and trigger the earthquakes in Songyuan.It is possible that the continuous replenishment of fluids from the deeper mantle forces the Songyuan earthquakes into the form of swarms.We infer that the Songyuan earthquakes could be attributed to a combination of preexisting faults,regional stress,and deep fluids associated with plate subduction,and near surface disturbances might induce the earthquakes in advance.The Songyuan earthquakes are inherently induced earthquakes,fed by deep fluids.     

Late Quaternary loess deposition in the southern Chaiwopu Basin of the northern Chinese Tian Shan foreland and its palaeoclimatic implications

The piedmont aeolian sediment in Central Asia is has been widely used for Quaternary palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Here we present detailed sedimentological and rock magnetic investigations on 188 samples from the ~9.4‐m‐thick Urumqi River section (URS) in the southern Chaiwopu Basin of the northern Chinese Tian Shan foreland. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating constrains the time‐span of the URS loess sedimentation from c. 28 to c. 6.8 ka. This chronology implies that the onset of the URS loess sedimentation is approximately synchronous with the Shangwangfeng Glaciation (MIS 2) in the headwaters of the Urumqi River. Analyses of sediment grain size and rock magnetic parameters indicate that sediment grain‐size composition controls magnetic properties of the URS loess, i.e. the wind intensity model, distinct from the pedogenic model interpreting the variations in magnetic properties of the loess in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). Overall, the variations in sediment grain size and magnetic properties throughout the URS indicate that the present study area was dominated by a climate of strengthened wind associated with gradually intensified aridity during the latest Pleistocene. In contrast, the intensity of aridity and coldness during the early Holocene gradually became relatively weakened.