Discussion on the tree-based machine learning model in the study of landslide susceptibility

Natural Hazards - This study reported an application of the tree-based models to landslide susceptibility. The landslide inventory and ten conditioning factors were first constructed, based on data...     

Genesis of the titanian andradite in alkaline rocks and their petrological and mineralization significance:A study example of the garnet from the Fanshan ultramafic. syenitic complex in North China CratonSCIEI北大核心CSCD

富钛钙铁榴石是硅不饱和碱性火成岩中的特征矿物,其Ti含量和Ti进入石榴石的方式可直接反映岩浆体系的硅饱和度和氧逸度。河北矾山超镁铁岩-正长岩杂岩体是华北克拉通北缘东西向展布三叠纪碱性岩带的重要岩体之一,其岩石中发育三种类型的富钛钙铁榴石:类型Ⅰ发育于岩体外带的石榴石辉石正长岩中,与辉石、黑云母呈岩浆共生关系,端元组成为Adr_(25-65)Mmt_(15-37)Slo_(8-28)Grs_(10-14),以高TiO_(2)含量(6.08%~18.61%)、较低的SiO_(2)含量(25.46%~33.26%)为特征,为原生岩浆成因;类型Ⅱ见于各类岩石,呈细粒他形充填于其他矿物颗粒之间,端元组成为Adr_(57-69)Mmt_(5-19)Slo_(0-6)Grs_(19-27),以高Al_(2)O_(3)含量(3.95%~5.56%)为特征,为岩浆演化后期熔体富Al_(2)O_(3)时结晶而成;类型Ⅲ亦见于各类岩石,主要呈细粒他形或细碎状发育于其他矿物内,端元组成为Adr_(68-79)Mmt_(8-14)Slo_(0-5)Grs_(6-14),以低的Al_(2)O_(3)含量(1.18%~2.89%)和较高的FeO含量(21.65%~24.62%)为特征,为岩浆期后热液成因。在矾山杂岩体的富钛钙铁榴石中,Ti主要以Si→Ti^(4+)和2Fe^(3+)→Ti^(4+)+Fe^(2+)/Mg替代方式进入到晶体结构中,反映了矾山杂岩体的母岩浆体系为二氧化硅不饱和的碱性岩浆,并具有较高的氧逸度。受石榴石的主量元素组成和相应的晶体结构控制,在微量元素组成上,矾山杂岩体中的富钛钙铁榴石富集轻稀土或中稀土、亏损重稀土,大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Pb和Sr)含量较低或极低,而高场强元素(如Th、U、Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf等)含量普遍较高。本文对石榴石的成因研究结果支持矾山杂岩体不同类型的岩石形成于封闭体系下同一母岩浆系统充分的结晶-分异和堆晶作用;此演化模式可以较好地解释矾山杂岩体的同心环状特征和韵律层状结构,以及磁铁矿和磷矿的成因。     

Late Permian to Early Triassic subduction and retreating of the Paleopacific slab: Constraints from continental arc magmatism in Hainan IslandSCIEI北大核心CSCD

海南岛大规模二叠-三叠纪侵入岩的形成是与古特提斯洋有关,还是与古太平洋俯冲闭合有关还存在巨大争议。本文对琼中金波两处辉绿岩脉及其围岩花岗岩的研究显示,露头1辉绿岩脉的锆石U-Pb年龄为245.4±3.8Ma,TiO_(2)含量(1.07%~1.18%)低,而MgO(8.60%~9.41%)和Mg^(#)值(62.31~65.02)较高,为钙碱性系列,球粒陨石和原始地幔标准化配分曲线中具有明显的Eu、Nb、Ta、Ti和Ba负异常,以及显著Th、U、Zr、Rb和Pb等正异常,(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_(i)=0.707138~0.712797,(^(143) Nd/^(144)Nd)_(i)=0.511884~0.511965,ε_(Nd)(t)值为-7.01~-8.58,指示其形成于大陆岛弧环境。相比之下,露头2辉绿岩锆石U-Pb年龄为242.8±3.1Ma,但其TiO_(2)(2.65%~3.06%)含量较高,而MgO(4.24%~5.39%)和Mg^(#)值(40.09~45.86)较低,具有Eu、Rb、Pb、Nb、Ta和Ti弱正异常和Th负异常,(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_(i)=0.690244~0.717031,(^(143) Nd/^(144)Nd)_(i)=0.512886~0.512915,ε_(Nd)(t)值为+6.41~+7.93,具有板内玄武岩的特征,指示其形成于板内裂解环境。辉绿岩脉围岩二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为255.3±3.0Ma和255.7±3.2Ma,含少量角闪石和黑云母,具有较高的SiO_(2)(71.62%~73.72%)、Na_(2)O+K_(2)O(6.60%~9.17%)和Al_(2)O_(3)(平均14.88%)含量,A/CNK值(0.97~1.03)较低,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、Sr和Ba,富集Rb、Th、U和Pb,为高分异I型岛弧花岗岩。总的来看,二长花岗岩和辉绿岩形成于大陆岛弧挤压向伸展过渡的构造环境。对比二叠-三叠纪侵入岩体的走向、碰撞前-同碰撞-碰撞后岩浆岩的时代以及榴辉岩的变质年龄等,发现海南岛侵入岩与哀牢山-松马造山带明显不同,而与日本和朝鲜半岛的岛弧岩浆岩类似,由此我们认为海南岛大规模晚二叠-早三叠世岩浆岩为古太平洋板片向欧亚板块俯冲后撤的产物,后撤过程受到古特提斯俯冲板片的影响。     

环渤海湿地沉积物球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白分布特征及其对湿地土壤风化的影响

【研究目的】球囊霉素作为丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）分泌的一种难降解土壤蛋白,广泛分布于陆地生态系统中,是长期碳贮的重要组成。当前鲜有研究涉及其在滨海湿地中的分布。基于此,本文对中国环渤海主要滨海湿地表层沉积物中球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白（GRSP）的空间分布进行表征,探讨不同湿地生境下GRSP分布及其对沉积物风化的指示意义。【研究方法】本文选取辽河三角洲、北大港和黄河三角洲湿地作为研究区,对166个表层样（0~5 cm）和4个柱状样（0~35 cm）的GRSP、粒度以及常量元素进行测定,并计算化学蚀变系数（CIA）。【研究结果】研究区GRSP在空间上的动态变化受植被类型影响显著,范围在0.06~11.31 mg/g,均值为（2.35±0.16） mg/g;沉积物以粉砂质砂和砂为主,CIA值分布范围为44.79~69.59,部分区域达到中等化学风化;CIA与GRSP呈显著相关（R=~0.49,p<0.01）,总体上CIA随GRSP的增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势。【结论】GRSP在滨海湿地沉积物中的分布受到生境差异性的影响,其与CIA的相关性表征AMF及其代谢产物在地质体风化过程中发挥了潜在的生态功能。创新点：揭示了球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白与地质过程的互馈作用;阐明了丛枝菌根真菌潜在的生态功能。     

Optimization of Supporting Structures and Parameters of Tunnels in Soft Phyllite

The study investigated the extra-long Shuangxiling tunnel in soft phyllite within Nanchang–Ningdu highway in Jiangxi province, China. The supporting scheme of reducing the size and density of anchor rods while strengthening the stiffness and strength of preliminary support was put forward aiming at the repeated occurrence of great deformation of surrounding rocks during tunneling. Moreover, two groups of comparative supporting schemes were introduced for comparison. Based on the numerical simulation, the study calculated the amount of displacement deformation, stress on anchor rods, development of plastic zones, stress on shotcrete, and stress on secondary lining structure under different supporting schemes. By conducting field monitoring test, the surrounding rock deformations and pressures under different supporting schemes were monitored and measured in real time. The research results showed that after strengthening the stiffness and strength of preliminary support, the surrounding rock pressure on the supporting structure increased. It limited the preliminary stress release rate of surrounding rocks, protected the integrity of surrounding rocks and controlled the sustained deformation of surrounding rocks. However, weakening the size and density of anchor rods had an insignificant effect on the whole supporting effect. The result of field test was basically consistent with that obtained through numerical simulation, which theoretically and practically verified the scientificity and feasibility of the supporting scheme of weakening the size and density of anchor rod while strengthening the stiffness and strength of preliminary support. The research result provides references for the support optimization of similar tunnels along the highway.     

柴北缘乌兰县二郎洞达肯大坂岩群中混合岩化黑云斜长片麻岩锆石SHRIMP测年及其意义

柴北缘乌兰县二郎洞地区的达肯大坂岩群主要由黑云斜长片麻岩、混合岩、黑云母石英片岩、斜长角闪岩和大理岩、花岗片麻岩等共同组成。本文首次对两件混合岩化黑云斜长片麻岩样品中的锆石进行了内部结构分析和SHRIMP测年, 黑云斜长片麻岩中的锆石大多具有核-边结构, 核部和边部分别表现为典型的岩浆和变质成因锆石特征。一件样品中锆石核部²⁰⁶ Pb/²³⁸ U加权平均年龄为503.8±5.1 Ma, 边部²⁰⁶ Pb/²³⁸ U加权平均年龄为449±9.9 Ma; 另一件样品核部²⁰⁶ Pb/²³⁸ U加权平均年龄为493.6±4.5 Ma。这些结果表明, 乌兰县二郎洞地区达肯大坂岩群中的混合岩化黑云斜长片麻岩原岩形成年龄为504~494 Ma, 属于晚寒武世岩浆活动的产物, 变质年龄为449 Ma, 分别与柴北缘岛弧岩浆作用和超高压变质作用的时限相一致。研究表明, 二郎洞地区达肯大坂岩群不仅有新太古代-古元古代基底岩石, 还包含早古生代的岩石组合, 为一套不同性质和不同时代的混杂岩。     

A study of soil dispersivity in Qian'an, western Jilin Province of China

Saline soil is vulnerable to water erosion because of its dispersivity. This characteristic has a great influence on dam and slope engineering. There is a large area of saline soil in western Jilin Province, the seasonal frost zone, and this soil is highly dispersive. We studied the properties of soil samples collected from vertical holes near Qian'an Dabusu Lake, assessing the particle size distribution and the chemical components. We also comprehensively identified the level of soil dispersivity by three standard methods, the pinhole test, the crumb test, and the double-hydrometer test. The soil composition and basic physicochemical properties are proved to be the most important factors which determine the dispersion degree of the saline soil. Our results showed that, within depth ranges from 0 to 1 m, silt particles highly influenced the soil dispersivity, and the total soluble salt accounted for ≥0.3%. At the first sampling point, in a tall soil column, the dispersion degree decreased with increasing depth, but this was not as obvious at the second sampling point, which was in a flat area. Nevertheless, the superficial soils of these two sampling sites were strongly dispersive, which must be taken into consideration for soil engineering in this region.     

城市供水系统多水源联合调度模型及应用

从城市供水系统的关键元素出发,通过系统网络拓扑分析,构建了"水源—水厂—分区用户"三层供水系统网络拓扑结构;基于此拓扑结构和兼顾整个供水系统的社会效益和供水成本两个调度目标,建立城市供水系统的多水源联合供水优化调度模型;利用NSGA-II(Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II)算法进行模型求解,并给出最佳均衡解的选择规则;将该模型应用于南水北调中线一期工程通水后的天津市供水系统.实例研究结果表明,该模型实现了天津市不同来水丰枯组合情景下多种水源的合理分配,能够为决策者提供均衡社会效益与供水成本的详细供水方案,还可以在一定程度上反映出供水系统存在的工程问题,可为保障城市供水安全提供技术支撑.如最不利典型年来水情景下,总可供水量(14.73亿m3)大于天津市总需水量(13.77亿m3),但由于供水工程能力限制,特定供水规则下推荐的社会效益与供水成本折中方案的缺水量为2.44亿m3、总供水成本为32.6亿元.     

郯庐断裂带肥东段早白垩世中期走滑运动的年代学证据

郯庐断裂带肥东段西韦地区和桃花源地区出露了大规模的北北东向韧性剪切带。桃花源地区韧性剪切带显示出2期构造变形的叠加。野外构造和显微构造分析皆指示为左行走滑韧性剪切带。糜棱岩中石英与长石的变形行为指示其变形温度分别为400~450℃和500℃。通过对这两处走滑剪切带内糜棱岩化花岗岩脉的锆石LA-ICP-MS定年,获得了3个样品的侵位年龄分别为(133.2±1.9)Ma,(131.3±2.0)Ma,(130.3±2.0)Ma。再结合已有的研究成果,认为在128~124Ma(早白垩世中期)郯庐断裂带发生过左行走滑活动。综合分析表明,郯庐断裂带在晚侏罗世和早白垩世中期分别经历了2期左行走滑活动,而期间和之后的早白垩世则处于伸展活动之中。伸展活动持续较长,控制发育了西侧的合肥盆地及断裂带内一系列岩浆活动;而区域挤压背景下出现的走滑活动则相对短暂。这些演化规律显示该断裂带在晚侏罗世—早白垩世呈现为交替式的走滑和伸展活动。新发现的早白垩世中期走滑活动,与太平洋区伊泽纳崎板块板块运动方向的调整相对应,是大洋板块运动方向短暂调整的构造响应。