张北6.2地震前后地下水位异常动态及与地震的响应能力

使用距１９９８年１月１０日张北Ｍｓ６．２地震３００ｋｍ范围内的内蒙古自治区前兆台网５口水井的地下水位资料,分析了地下水位趋势异常特征及张北Ｍｓ６．２级地震前后１０天地下水位的微动态特征,表明在北张Ｍｓ６．２地震前后地下水位确实存在的明显的异常反应,并用“八五”攻关水化,水位地震短临预报新方法分析研究了张北Ｍｓ６．２地震前后水位群体异常的变化特征与张北地震的关系,对张北Ｍｓ６．２地震做出中期,短期,     

Study on the Length of Cross-Bay Bridge at Tieshan Port

To determine the optimal length of the cross-bay bridge at the Tieshan Port and the impact ofthe bridge on the hydrological environment,a 2-D numerical model is adopted to calculate the variation oftidal level,tidal current field and tidal discharge caused by different lengths of the bridge.     

岩溶煤矿床防护层的防护效应评价——以邯郸王凤煤矿为例

煤矿突水现象实际上是防护层煤层底板隔水层水岩相互作用的结果。研究防护层对底板突水的抑制作用,是带水压采煤防止突水及解放水患煤层,特别是解放深部水患煤层的主要研究内容之一。在保护水资源、维护生态平衡的呼声越来越高的今天,大规模疏降煤矿岩溶地下水已经变得越来越不可取。本文在搜集大量实际资料和矿井现场试验、室内模拟试验的基础上,探讨了隔水层的防突机制;扬弃了奥灰底板突水的“下三带”的定性描述,提出了底板突水的新机理;总结出了王凤煤矿安全开采煤层判别式,并指出在无断裂构造的条件下,开采-50水平以上的下三层煤,突水可能性不大。      

基于物理模型试验的多层滑带滑坡变形演化特征

滑坡变形演化特征一直是滑坡灾害预测与防治领域急需解决的关键问题,但对于多层滑带滑坡的变形演化特征却少有研究.以物理模型试验为手段建立了三层滑带滑坡物理试验模型,完成了多层滑带滑坡变形演化全过程的模拟.基于PPIV技术获取坡表位移数据,通过柔性测斜仪监测滑坡深部位移,同时布设土压力盒获取滑坡内部土压力的变化情况,实现了多...     

Relative model score: a scoring rule for evaluating ensemble simulations with application to microbial soil respiration modeling

This paper defines a new scoring rule, namely relative model score (RMS), for evaluating ensemble simulations of environmental models. RMS implicitly incorporates the measures of ensemble mean accuracy, prediction interval precision, and prediction interval reliability for evaluating the overall model predictive performance. RMS is numerically evaluated from the probability density functions of ensemble simulations given by individual models or several models via model averaging. We demonstrate the advantages of using RMS through an example of soil respiration modeling. The example considers two alternative models with different fidelity, and for each model Bayesian inverse modeling is conducted using two different likelihood functions. This gives four single-model ensembles of model simulations. For each likelihood function, Bayesian model averaging is applied to the ensemble simulations of the two models, resulting in two multi-model prediction ensembles. Predictive performance for these ensembles is evaluated using various scoring rules. Results show that RMS outperforms the commonly used scoring rules of log-score, pseudo Bayes factor based on Bayesian model evidence (BME), and continuous ranked probability score (CRPS). RMS avoids the problem of rounding error specific to log-score. Being applicable to any likelihood functions, RMS has broader applicability than BME that is only applicable to the same likelihood function of multiple models. By directly considering the relative score of candidate models at each cross-validation datum, RMS results in more plausible model ranking than CRPS. Therefore, RMS is considered as a robust scoring rule for evaluating predictive performance of single-model and multi-model prediction ensembles.     

Which way do you lean? Using slope aspect variations to understand Critical Zone processes and feedbacks

Soil‐mantled pole‐facing hillslopes on Earth tend to be steeper, wetter, and have more vegetation cover compared with adjacent equator‐facing hillslopes. These and other slope aspect controls are often the consequence of feedbacks among hydrologic, ecologic, pedogenic, and geomorphic processes triggered by spatial variations in mean annual insolation. In this paper we review the state of knowledge on slope aspect controls of Critical Zone (CZ) processes using the latitudinal and elevational dependence of topographic asymmetry as a motivating observation. At relatively low latitudes and elevations, pole‐facing hillslopes tend to be steeper. At higher latitudes and elevations this pattern reverses. We reproduce this pattern using an empirical model based on parsimonious functions of latitude, an aridity index, mean‐annual temperature, and slope gradient. Using this empirical model and the literature as guides, we present a conceptual model for the slope‐aspect‐driven CZ feedbacks that generate asymmetry in water‐limited and temperature‐limited end‐member cases. In this conceptual model the dominant factor driving slope aspect differences at relatively low latitudes and elevations is the difference in mean‐annual soil moisture. The dominant factor at higher latitudes and elevations is temperature limitation on vegetation growth. In water‐limited cases, we propose that higher mean‐annual soil moisture on pole‐facing hillslopes drives higher soil production rates, higher water storage potential, more vegetation cover, faster dust deposition, and lower erosional efficiency in a positive feedback. At higher latitudes and elevations, pole‐facing hillslopes tend to have less vegetation cover, greater erosional efficiency, and gentler slopes, thus reversing the pattern of asymmetry found at lower latitudes and elevations. Our conceptual model emphasizes the linkages among short‐ and long‐timescale processes and across CZ sub‐disciplines; it also points to opportunities to further understand how CZ processes interact. We also demonstrate the importance of paleoclimatic conditions and non‐climatic factors in influencing slope aspect variations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Research on the Seismic Wave Characteristics of Low Frequency Signals before the Alxa Left Banner MS5.8 Earthquake in Inner Mongolia, China

In order to search for the seismic wave characteristics of low frequency signals in the Alxa Left Banner region,Inner Mongolia,the low frequency signals of seismic wave data are extracted from the earthquakes of MS5. 8 in 2015 and MS5. 0 in 2016 in this area. The results show that:① Before the MS5. 8 earthquake,the seismic stations located near the epicenter in Wuhai,Dongshengmiao,and Shizuishan recorded seismic waves that showed the phenomenon of spectrum shift from high to low frequency.② The low frequency signals recorded by different stations have obvious difference.③ According to the data recorded by the station closest to the epicenter,low-frequency signals were recorded about120 hours before the earthquake and had obvious anomalies. This may reflect slow slip before the earthquake.     

2010年山西河津4.8级地震地磁垂直分量日变化低点时间空间分布特征

2010年1月11-24日,华北地区出现7次地磁低点位移异常。异常结束1天后研究区内发生2010年1月24日山西河津4.8级地震。采用实测低点时间减去理论低点时间的方法剔除低点时间经度效应,并以剔除经度效应后低点时间为0 h的等值线作为低点位移分界线,山西河津4.8级地震震中处于1月16日、17日、19日、22日地磁低点位移分界线上。低点位移异常日期间,华北地区存在显著的高梯度带,该文采用梯度值定量描述低点时间空间变化程度。在正常日期间,华北地区未出现梯度值大于1 h/（°）的区域,在异常日期间,出现梯度值大于1 h/（°）的区域,河津4.8级地震多位于高梯度区边缘。     

2015年阿拉善左旗5.8级地震前低频异常分析

针对2015年4月15日鄂尔多斯块体西北缘阿拉善左旗5.8级地震,利用内蒙古地震台网数字波形资料,采用快速傅里叶变换,分析2015年1月1日至4月15日震前频谱特征,意在判断震前是否存在低频异常信号。结果显示：①在5.8级地震前,东升庙、石嘴山及乌海地震台的地震波形低频信号存在相同现象;②低频信号在震前10天开始出现,并间断持续至发震;③低频信号出现的时间不连续,且持续时间间隔逐步缩短。