地震次生火灾研究进展

由于双重灾种叠加，地震次生火灾曾经带来过巨大生命财产损失，并始终严重威胁人类社会。梳理历史上几次重大地震次生火灾情况，归纳地震次生火灾的成灾与蔓延研究成果，讨论现有研究成果中常用的分析手段和研究方法；从工程结构和装备设施，以及灾害区划单元两个层面总结分析了地震次生火灾的风险与损失评估研究成果；从民用建筑、油气化工设施、核电站、灾后安置点与林业等多个方面探讨地震次生火灾的预防和控制研究进展。采用文献计量学方法对近二十年以"地震次生火灾"为主题的中文文献进行统计，并分析研究热度与地震事件的联系。     

山东古生代生物地层单位的划分

本文按照不同生物地层单位的含义,对山东古生代生物地层单位进行了厘定,共划出４１个生物带,其中寒武纪有２１个;奥陶纪１０个,包括３个哑层间隔带;石炭纪３个;二叠纪７个。这些生物地层单位的确立,对统一山东古生代生物地层单位的划分和推动今后的区调工作将起到重要的作用。     

栖霞地区金矿床特征及找矿方向

栖霞地区金矿点繁多,但仅有两处规模近中型的金矿床。根据对马家窑、台前金矿床特征及成矿地质条件的分析,并与招莱地区金矿床进行类比,认为栖霞地区金矿成矿条件与招莱地区基本相似,但由于重熔花岗岩体侵位较深,含矿热液未能运移至浅部,因而热液矿床赋存深度较大,地表及浅部金矿呈现“矿点多,规模小”的分布特点。栖霞地区深部找金潜力很大,重点勘查区应为隐伏的深熔、重熔花岗岩发育区,以及ＮＥ、ＮＮＥ向断裂及其下盘次级断裂所在部位。     

银川地震台地震波记录特征

通过对银川台具有代表性的１００个典型地震记录图的震相分析,按震中位置不同分区展示了银川台地震波记录的“影区不影”、灵武地震方位异常,东北方向的近震ＰＮ波缺失以及极远震的ＳＮＫＳ波记录,文章还分区概述了银川台对全球不同地区发生的地震所记录的地震波的记录特征。     

棉花耗水规律和灌溉随机控制

根据5年田间试验资料,分析了棉花产量与耗水量的抛物线关系,确定了棉花最佳耗水量;根据棉花植株在不同土壤湿度情况下气孔阻力、蒸腾强度和蕾铃脱落率的变化,确定了不同生育阶段的适宜水分指标和干旱指标。在此基础上,研制了棉花灌溉随机控制模型,可以动态预报棉田土壤有效水分含量和实际蒸散量,并从经济效益和水分利用效率的角度提出优化灌溉决策。     

A new soil freeze/thaw discriminant algorithm using AMSR‐E passive microwave imagery

The soil freeze–thaw controls the hydrological and carbon cycling and thus affects water and energy exchanges at land surface. This article reported a newly developed algorithm for distinguishing the freeze/thaw status of surface soil. The algorithm was based on information from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer Enhanced (AMSR‐E) which records brightness temperature (Tb) in the afternoon and after midnight. The criteria and discriminant functions were obtained from both radiometer observations and model simulations. First of all, the microwave radiation from freeze–thaw soil was examined by carrying out experimental measurements at 18·7 and 36·5 GHz using a Truck‐mounted Multi‐frequency Microwave Radiometer (TMMR) in the Heihe River of China. The experimental results showed that the soil moisture is a key component that differentiates the microwave radiation behaviours during the freeze–thaw process, and the differences in soil temperature and emissivity between frozen and thawed soils were found to be the most important criteria. Secondly, a combined model was developed to consider the impacts of complex ground surface conditions on the discrimination. The model simulations quite followed the trend of in situ observations with an overall relation coefficient (R) of approximately 0·88. Finally, the ratio of Tb18·7H (horizontally polarized Tb at 18·7 GHz) to Tb36·5V was considered primarily as the quasi‐emissivity, which is more reasonable and explicit in measuring the microwave radiation changes in soil freezing and thawing than the spectral gradient. By combining Tb36·5V to indicate the soil temperature variety, a Fisher linear discrimination analysis was used to establish the discriminant functions. After being corrected by TMMR measurements, the new discriminant algorithm had an overall accuracy of 86% when validated by 4‐cm soil temperature. The multi‐year discriminant results also provided a good agreement with the classification map of frozen ground in China. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of sexual reproduction of the inferior competitor Brachionus calyciflorus on its fitness against Brachionus angularis

Sexual reproduction adversely affects the population growth of cyclic parthenogenetic animals. The density-dependent sexual reproduction of a superior competitor could mediate the coexistence. However,the cost of sex may make the inferior competitor more vulnerable. To investigate the effect of sexual reproduction on the inferior competitor,we experimentally paired the competition of one Brachionus angularis clone against three B rachionus calyciflorus clones. One of the B. calyciflorus clones showed a low propensity for sexual reproduction,while the other two showed high propensities. The results show that all B. calyciflorus clones were excluded in the competition for resources at low food level. The increased food level promoted the competition persistence,but the clones did not show a clear pattern. Both the cumulative population density and resting egg production increased with the food level. The cumulative population density decreased with the mixis investment,while the resting egg production increased with the mixis investment. A trade-off between the population growth and sexual reproduction was observed in this research. The results indicate that although higher mixis investment resulted in a lower population density,it would not determinately accelerate the exclusion process of the inferior competitor. On the contrary,higher mixis investment promoted resting egg production before being excluded and thus promised a longterm benefit. In conclusion,our results suggest that mixis investment,to some extent,favored the excluded inferior competitor under fierce competition or some other adverse conditions.     

冰川流域孕灾环境及灾害的天空地协同智能监测模式与方向

随着中国西部暖湿化进程加快,冰川流域孕灾环境快速变化,冰川灾害多发频发.因冰川流域地形极端复杂、地表覆盖变化迅速,冰川流域灾害具有链式发展的特点且物源区远程高位、地势险峻,面向普通地质滑坡和露天矿边坡的天空地协同监测技术难以直接或有效应用.本文基于冰川流域空间环境与灾害的监测内容及技术难点,分析了可用的现代测绘遥感技术及其局限性.针对监测对象、几何要素和质量要求,提出了基于天空地协同的冰川流域孕灾环境与灾害智能监测内涵,即平台协同、时间协同、参数协同和尺度协同,设计了任务驱动、知识引导的智能监测技术模式.面向3类基本监测任务,即个体冰川流域灾变过程情景模拟、冰川流域群孕灾环境差异分析与风险识别、冰川流域灾害事件应急响应,提出相应的天空地协同智能监测初步方案.最后,讨论了基于天空地协同的冰川流域孕灾环境与灾害智能监测关键问题,提出未来的工作方向.     

莒南县路网中心性对建设用地时空格局的影响

针对道路网络复杂性如何影响城市建设用地时空演变这一问题,该文以莒南县为例,计算道路网络中心性指标,并应用地理探测器定量分析其对建设用地时空格局的影响.结果表明:①莒南县道路网络中,全局临近中心性单中心特征强烈,全局介数中心性、直达中心性则表现出多中心的空间态势.②道路网络中心性特征与建设用地空间分布显著相关,全局路网通达效率、通达度对建设用地空间布局影响强烈.③道路网络中心性指标对建设用地扩张均有显著影响,其中又以全局直达中心性对建设用地扩张的影响力最强.