The effect of decrease in salinity on the dynamics of abundance and the cell size of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Corethron Hystrix</Emphasis> (Bacillariophyta) in laboratory culture

Effect of salinity on abundance dynamics and cell size of microalga Corethron hystrix Hensen (Bacillariophyta) were studied. C. hystrix can normally grow within a rather narrow salinity range between 32 and 28‰. The viable cells of this microalga change their morphological characters at a salinity of 24‰. This salinity level probably marks the beginning of cell division restriction, because the general number of cells by the end of the experiment was lower than in the control. The decrease of salinity to 16‰ caused pronounced irreversible morphological changes: cell height increased, chloroplasts compressed, protoplasm became granular, cytoplasm retracted, and spines shortened.     

Influence of atmospheric circulation on precipitation in Altai Mountains

We analyzed the changes in precipitation regime in the Altai Mountains for 1959-2014 and estimate the influence of atmospheric circulations on these changes. Our study showed that during last 56 years the changes in the precipitation regime had a positive trend for the warm seasons(April-October),but weakly positive or negative trends for the cold seasons(November-March). It was found that these changes correspond to the decreasing contribution of “Northern meridional and Stationary anticyclone(Nm-Sa)” and “Northern meridional and East zonal(Nm-Ez)” circulation groups and to the increasing contribution of “West zonal and Southern meridional(Wz-Sm)” circulation groups,accordingly to the Dzerdzeevskii classification. In addition,it was found that the variation of precipitation has a step change point in 1980. For the warm seasons,the precipitation change at this point is associated with the reduced influence of “West zonal(Wz)”,“Northern meridional and Stationary anticyclone(Nm-Sa)” and “Northern meridional and Southern meridional(Nm-Sm)” circulation groups. For the cold seasons,a substantialincrease of “Wz-Sm” and a decrease of “Nm-Sa”,“Nm-Ez” circulation groups are responsible for the precipitation change in the two time periods(1959-1980 and 1981-2014).     

昌都地区怒江、澜沧江、金沙江流域地槽发展的若干问题

地裂缝是地表岩土体内产生线性破裂的一种地质灾害,其中构造型地裂缝形成和发展与活动断层的运动特征密切相关。现有构造型地裂缝的报道大多与断层蠕滑活动有关,而针对断层黏滑运动(地震)所形成的地裂缝通常统一划分为地震地表破裂带,主要注重对其分布特征的调查,而针对其中单条地裂缝破裂特征和成因机理研究较为少见。本文以巴塘断裂在黄草坪段所形成的地裂缝为研究对象,通过野外地质调查、无人机测绘、野外槽探、物探等手段,揭示了地裂缝的浅-中-深几何结构及其成因机理。巴塘断裂在黄草坪段形成一槽谷地貌,地裂缝在槽谷中表现为一条具有线性特征的地貌陡坎S₁,坎高为0.26±0.03 m。横跨槽谷的探槽揭露出陡坎下部及两侧密集发育有18条地裂缝,根据地裂缝贯通上覆地层的情况可大致划分出3个活动时期,可能代表巴塘断裂全新世以来的3次地震事件,部分地裂缝贯通至地表与S₁陡坎相连,这可能是1870年巴塘M 7$ {\\raise0.7ex\\hbox{1} \\!\\mathord{\\left/ {\\vphantom {1 2}}\\right.} \\!\\lower0.7ex\\hbox{2}}$地震所致。横跨槽谷的地震反射剖面中表现出槽谷边界受控于两条相向而倾的铲型断裂,两条断裂共同形成了“Y”字型拉张地堑结构,而在地堑内部表现出有近直立的反射层变形带,位置大致可与陡坎S₁对应。全新世以来,巴塘断裂在右旋走滑过程中,在局部近地表形成多级“Y”字型拉张地堑构造,而地堑内部地裂缝密集发育,且地裂缝形成及贯通上覆土层过程与巴塘断裂地震活动密切相关,因此该地裂缝形态受巴塘断裂几何结构控制,活动期次与巴塘断裂的强震活动相对应,具有典型地震地裂缝的特点。     

近10年来国内外破坏性地震对地震工程地质研究的几点启示

在地震工程地质方面,有许多觅待进一步深人研究的课题,包括断层地震地质效应及其评价方法研究、土一结构动力相互作用研究、岩体动力学基本理论的研究、斜坡地震稳定性分析、城市地震工程地质研究、信息技术在地震工程地质研究中的应用等.加大对这些问题的研究力度,对于保障我国人民生命财产今后不受或少受地震损失,具有重要的意义.     

A hybrid coordinate ocean model for shelf sea simulation

The general circulation in the North Sea and Skagerrak is simulated using the hybrid coordinate ocean model (HYCOM). Although HYCOM was originally developed for simulations of the open ocean, it has a design which should make it applicable also for coastal and shallow shelf seas. Thus, the objective of this study has been to examine the skills of the present version of HYCOM in a coastal shelf application, and to identify the areas where HYCOM needs to be further developed. To demonstrate the capability of the vertical coordinate in HYCOM, three experiments with different configurations of the vertical coordinate were carried out. In general, the results from these experiments compares quite well with in situ and satellite data, and the water masses and the general circulation in the North Sea and Skagerrak is reproduced in the simulations. Differences between the three experiments are small compared to other errors, which are related to a combined effect of model setup and properties of the vertical mixing scheme. Hence, it is difficult to quantify which vertical coordinate configuration works best for the coastal region. It is concluded that HYCOM can be used for simulations of coastal and shelf seas, and further suggestions for improving the model results are given. Since HYCOM also works well in open ocean and basin scale simulations, it may allow for a realistic modelling of the transition region between the open ocean and coastal shelf seas.     

Assessment of an arid region soil capacity on natural attenuation of municipal treated wastewater: a column experiment using soil of Varamin area,Iran

Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) is an effective indirect technique for wastewater reuse. The present study aims at assessing the soil capacity in arid region of Varamin on natural attenuation of inorganic constituents of municipal treated wastewater of Tehran City. In order to simulate SAT pond, four columns of 30 cm in height and 4 cm in diameter were filled with sandy loam soil taken from artificial recharge pond in Varamin plain. These columns were recharged by secondary treated wastewater from Shahre-Rey treatment plant under the plan of 12-h wetting and drying cycles. During the experiment, 50 pore volume passed through each column. The pH, EC, TDS, SAL, SAR, major ions, nitrate, phosphate and trace elements were measured in influent and effluent samples. The concentration of Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^? and SO₄^2? increased in effluent samples due to a washout process and dissolution of minerals. The soil could only attenuate NO₃^?, K⁺, Rb and PO₄^3? with the percentage of 18.4, 24.6, 67.7 and 83.6, respectively. The soil of studied area is rich in Cr, Ni, Sr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ba and Rb. The concentrations of all mentioned trace elements, with the exception of Rb, have increased in the effluent samples with respect to influent. Also, the quality indices of TDS, SAL and SAR have increased 10.6, 25.2 and 8.7%, respectively, in effluent. Soil column samples, at the end of experiment, contain high amounts of major and trace elements. Consequently, there is a potential risk for groundwater contamination in long-term recharge.     

Lost and found

Consulting type specimens is a necessary element of taxonomic research in palaeontology. Every taxonomist from time to time has to examine the types to make sure that the identifications are correct. This can be a difficult proposition when the fossils in question were collected in the early nineteenth century. But just because a historical fossil collection is said to be 'lost', doesn't mean it cannot be found.     

Density variations in the thickened crust as a function of pressure, temperature, and composition

Constraints on density as a function of pressure, temperature, and composition are crucial to understand isostatic movements during geodynamic processes. Here, we provide a systematic series of density diagrams extracted from thermodynamic calculations for a variety of crustal compositions within a wide P–T range. We quantify systematic density changes in collisional settings for relevant compositional variations and attempt to simplify the density–composition relationships. Rock densities depend strongly on pressure, temperature, and composition. Densities at some selected pressure–temperature conditions increase linearly with increasing Al₂O₃ as well as MgO/FeO contents in pelitic rocks. Al- and Fe-rich pelites yield the highest densities, which is mostly due to the formation of garnet but also depends on other minerals and changes of reactions. The effect of loading on densities is investigated, and we show that for deep burial, a meta-pelite rich in Fe and Mg yields much larger density changes than a dry basalt and that the burial of such a rock with a composition close to typical lower crust may result in significant negative buoyancy. Metamorphism of hydrous lower crust due to pressurization and heating thus leads to densification of thickened lower crust, while heating of dry crust leads to a decrease in density. Hence, water-loaded isostatic subsidence due to metamorphism of water-saturated lower crust is substantial and increases with the thickness and depth of the reacting layer, while dry compositions show much less or only transient densification and subsidence. The density change due to thermal expansion, an extensively used concept in geodynamic models, predicts uplift under the same P–T conditions and is an order of magnitude smaller than the density variation calculated from petrologically consistent diagrams.