Multiphase flow modeling with density functional method

This paper is a review of applications of density functional theory (DFT) in compositional hydrodynamics. The basic idea is representation of the entropy or the Helmholtz energy of the mixture as the functional depending on the molar densities of chemical components (density functional). The hydrodynamics is governed by local conservation laws of chemical components, momentum, and energy, while constitutive relations and boundary conditions are introduced in accordance with the explicit form of the density functional. The general ideas and the history of the DFT in compositional hydrodynamics are discussed. Then the DFT for multiphase multicomponent mixtures is presented including the exposition of the first principles, governing equations and constitutive relations, and explicit expressions of density functional depending on physical situation. The DFT-based numerical simulator is described, and several multiphase simulation results are presented to illustrate the scope and effectiveness of DFT: sessile drop with and without surfactant, droplet breakup in shear flow, and three-phase hydrodynamics with mobile solid phase. Also, two practical scenarios with multiphase simulations in micro-CT porous rock models are presented: two-phase immiscible water-oil flow and three-phase water-gas-condensate flow with phase transitions. All numerical results are obtained by essentially the same code; both the number of chemical components and the Helmholtz energy have been set up in accordance with physical situation.     

Impacts of stormwater runoff in the Southern California Bight: Relationships among plume constituents

The effects from two winter rain storms on the coastal ocean of the Southern California Bight were examined as part of the Bight ‘03 program during February 2004 and February–March 2005. The impacts of stormwater from fecal indicator bacteria, water column toxicity, and nutrients were evaluated for five major river discharges: the Santa Clara River, Ballona Creek, the San Pedro Shelf (including the Los Angeles, San Gabriel, and Santa Ana Rivers), the San Diego River, and the Tijuana River. Exceedances of bacterial standards were observed in most of the systems. However, the areas of impact were generally spatially limited, and contaminant concentrations decreased below California Ocean Plan standards typically within 2–3 days. The largest bacterial concentrations occurred in the Tijuana River system where exceedances of fecal indicator bacteria were noted well away from the river mouth. Maximum nitrate concentrations (~40 μM) occurred in the San Pedro Shelf region near the mouth of the Los Angeles River. Based on the results of general linear models, individual sources of stormwater differ in both nutrient concentrations and the concentration and composition of fecal indicator bacteria. While nutrients appeared to decrease in plume waters due to simple mixing and dilution, the concentration of fecal indicator bacteria in plumes depends on more than loading and dilution rates. The relationships between contaminants (nutrients and fecal indicator bacteria) and plume indicators (salinity and total suspended solids) were not strong indicating the presence of other potentially important sources and/or sinks of both nutrients and fecal indicator bacteria. California Ocean Plan standards were often exceeded in waters containing greater than 10% stormwater (<28–30 salinity range). The median concentration dropped below the standard in the 32–33 salinity range (1–4% stormwater) for total coliforms and Enterococcus spp. and in the 28–30 salinity range (10–16% stormwater) for fecal coliforms. Nutrients showed a similar pattern with the highest median concentrations in water with greater than 10% stormwater. Relationships between colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and salinity and between total suspended solids and beam attenuation indicate that readily measurable, optically active variables can be used as proxies to provide at least a qualitative, if not quantitative, evaluation of the distribution of the dissolved, as well as the particulate, components of stormwater plumes. In this context, both CDOM absorption and the beam attenuation coefficient can be derived from satellite ocean color measurements of inherent optical properties suggesting that remote sensing of ocean color should be useful in mapping the spatial areas and durations of impacts from these contaminants.     

在大地电磁二维Occam反演中求取拉格朗日乘子方法改进

Occam反演具有可靠性和加上各种先验信息可行性的优点,但是因为求取拉格朗日乘子需要很长时间,所以前人提出了几个直接选取方法。笔者改进了二维大地电磁测深Occam反演中求取拉格朗日乘子的方法。在搜索过程中加上观测数据拟合差与其期望值的比较。这样,在Occam反演的拟合差下降阶段的最后迭代和模型光滑阶段,能够排除多余的正演计算。这种改进对反演结果没有影响,但却使得反演速度加快并且更符合于Occam思想。根据模型实验和野外数据处理,可以减少正演次数20%~50%。     

Climate extremes in South Western Siberia: past and future

In this study, the temporal and spatial trends of ten climate extreme indices were computed based on observed daily precipitation and on daily maximum and minimum temperatures at 26 weather stations in South Western Siberia during the period 1969–2011 and, based on projected daily maximum and minimum temperatures, during 2021–2050. The Mann–Kendall test was employed to analyze the temporal trend and a combination of multiple linear regressions and semivariogram functions were used to evaluate the regional spatial trends and the local spatial variability of climate extremes, respectively. The results show that the temperature-based climate extremes increase at a 0.05 significance level while none of the precipitation-based climate extremes did. Spatially, dominant gradients are observed along latitude: The northern taiga vegetation zone experiences a colder and wetter climate while the southern forest steppe zone is drier and hotter. Over time, a tendency towards homogenization of the regional climate is observed through a decrease of the spatial variability for most climate extreme indices. In the future, the most intense changes are anticipated for the bio-climate indicators “growing season length” and “growing degree days” in the north, while the warming indicators, “warm day” and “warm night” are expected to be high to the south.     

Bottom water flows in the tropical fractures of the Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

The goal of this paper is to study the flows of Antarctic Bottom Water through the fracture zones in the northern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge based on the Conductivity-Temperature-Depth and Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler observations in 2014, 2015, and 2016. We measured the thermohaline properties and velocities and analyzed the flows of bottom water in the Strakhov, Bogdanov, nameless (07°28′N), Vernadsky, Doldrums, Arkhangelsky, Ten Degree, Vema, Marathon, Fifteen Twenty, and Kane fracture zones. These abyssal channels connect the deep basins of the East and West Atlantic. In addition to the known fact that the main portion of water propagates through the Vema Fracture Zone (11°N), we estimated that additionally a half of this volume propagates through the other fractures. Nevertheless, the pathway for the coldest water is located in the Vema Fracture Zone. Velocities of bottom currents in this fracture reach 45 cm/s. We found strong difference in the structure and transport through the Vema Fracture Zone based on four sections across the fracture occupied in 3 years from 2014 to 2016. The transport varies from 0.7 to 1.2 Sv. The core of maximum velocity in the main channel of this fracture changes its depth between 4000 m and the bottom at 4650 m. The total transport through the other fracture zones is as high as 0.48 ± 0.05 Sv.     

The Fifth Edition of the General Catalogue of Variable Stars:experiences in the constellation Centaurus

We have recently announced that the General Catalogue of Variable Stars enters the stage of its fifth, purely electronic edition(GCVS 5.1). We have included 1408 variable stars in the constellation Centaurus in this new version, GCVS 5.1. Working on this revision, we applied current possibilities from data mining, suggested new variability types for many variable stars and found new light elements for a large number of periodic variables. This paper describes the work completed during the preparation of GCVS 5.1 for Centaurus and discusses in detail a number of the most astrophysically significant cases.