西天山造山带构造单元划分及古生代洋陆转换过程

西天山造山带位于哈萨克斯坦—准噶尔板块与卡拉库姆—塔里木板块的结合部,是由一系列前寒武纪微陆块、古生代洋壳残片及陆缘弧相互拼贴而成的多聚合带、多成矿带,其独特的造山-成矿过程受到了国内外的广泛关注。本文通过构造单元划分与编图,建立了古生代西天山造山带的构造格架,认为古生代西天山造山带的构造演化依次经历了:罗迪尼亚大陆裂解与北天山早古生代多岛洋盆形成阶段(Z-O_2),北天山早古生代多岛洋盆闭合与南天山洋盆开始形成阶段(O_3-S),南、北天山洋晚古生代洋盆形成与发展阶段(D-C_1),南、北天山晚古生代洋盆全面闭合与天山碰撞造山带形成阶段(C1-C_2)和碰撞后板内演化阶段(C_2-P)。     

Spatial patterns of biodiversity in the Black Sea: An assessment using benthic polychaetes

The current study broadens the biodiversity information available for the Black Sea and neighbouring regions and improves our knowledge about the polychaete biogeographic patterns to be discerned in them. There appears to be a well-defined zoogeocline from the Marmara Sea and Bosphorus Strait to the inner parts of the region (Azov Sea), depicted both as a multivariate pattern and in terms of species (or taxa) numbers. The emergent multivariate pattern complies, to a certain extent, with Jakubova’s (1935) views: three main sectors can be defined in the basin: (a) Prebosphoric, (b) the Black Sea and, (c) the Azov Sea, whereas the Bosphorus Strait and Marmara Sea show less faunal affinities with the afore-mentioned sectors. Patterns derived both from the cosmopolitan and Atlanto-Mediterranean species closely follow the one coming from the polychaete species and genera inventories. As a general trend, species numbers decrease along with the decrease in salinity towards the inner parts of the region. The trend is homologous to that seen in the benthic invertebrate inventories of all the major European semi-enclosed regional seas. Salinity and food availability appear to be the dominant abiotic factors correlated, though weakly, with the various patterns deriving from the taxonomic/zoogeographic categories. With the exception of the Anatolia, polychaete inventories from all sectors appear to be random samples of the total inventory of the region, in terms of taxonomic distinctness values. Therefore, these sectoral inventories can be used for future biodiversity/environmental impact assessment studies. A massive invasion of Mediterranean species after the opening of the Black Sea, in the lower Quaternary period, appears to be the likely biogeographic mechanism through which the old Sarmatic fauna was almost completely replaced by species of marine origin.     

Are There Differences in the Response of Natural Stand and Plantation Biomass to Changes in Temperature and Precipitation? A Case for Two-needled Pines in Eurasia

A comparative discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of natural stands and plantations, including in terms of their productivity and stability, began from the moment of the first forest plantings and continues to this day. In the context of the progressive replacement of natural forests by plantations due to deforestation, the question of how will change the carbon storage capacity of forest cover when replacing natural forests with artificial ones in a changing climate becomes extremely relevant. This article presents the first attempt to answer this question at the transcontinental level on a special case for two-needled pine trees (subgenus Pinus L.). The research was carried out using the database compiled by the authors on the single-tree biomass structure of forest-forming species of Eurasia, in particular, data of 1880 and 1967 of natural and plantation trees, respectively. Multi-factor regression models are calculated after combining the matrix of initial data on the structure of tree biomass with the mean January temperature and mean annual precipitation, and their adequacy indices allow us to consider them reproducible. It is found that the aboveground and stem biomass of equal-sized and equal-aged natural and plantation trees increases as the January temperature and precipitation rise. This pattern is only partially valid for the branches biomass, and it has a specific character for the foliage one. The biomass of all components of plantation trees is higher than that of natural trees, but the percent of this excess varies among different components and depends on the level of January temperatures, but does not depend at all on the level of annual precipitation. A number of uncertainties that arose during the modeling process, as well as the preliminary nature of the obtained regularities, are noted.     

Annama H chondrite—Mineralogy,physical properties,cosmic ray exposure,and parent body history

The fall of the Annama meteorite occurred early morning (local time) on April 19, 2014 on the Kola Peninsula (Russia). Based on mineralogy and physical properties, Annama is a typical H chondrite. It has a high Ar‐Ar age of 4.4 Ga. Its cosmic ray exposure history is atypical as it is not part of the large group of H chondrites with a prominent 7–8 Ma peak in the exposure age histograms. Instead, its exposure age is within uncertainty of a smaller peak at 30 ± 4 Ma. The results from short‐lived radionuclides are compatible with an atmospheric pre‐entry radius of 30–40 cm. However, based on noble gas and cosmogenic radionuclide data, Annama must have been part of a larger body (radius >65 cm) for a large part of its cosmic ray exposure history. The ¹⁰Be concentration indicates a recent (3–5 Ma) breakup which may be responsible for the Annama parent body size reduction to 30–35 cm pre‐entry radius.     

Stability issues of the continuous welded rail track on the concrete sleepers on the curves with radius R ≤ 300 m

This paper describes the economic and technological benefits of installing continuous welded rail(CWR) track on sharp(radius ≤ 300 m) railway curves. A new form of prestressed concrete sleepers developed by the V. Lazaryan Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport is shown to improve the lateral shift resistance of CWR track in sharp curves and the use of anchor sleepers on tangents is shown to make it possible to lower the fastening temperature of the CWR track in order to increase the rail lifespan.     

European glacial relict snails and plants: environmental context of their modern refugial occurrence in southern Siberia

Knowledge of present‐day communities and ecosystems resembling those reconstructed from the fossil record can help improve our understanding of historical distribution patterns and species composition of past communities. Here, we use a unique data set of 570 plots explored for vascular plant and 315 for land‐snail assemblages located along a 650‐km‐long transect running across a steep climatic gradient in the Russian Altai Mountains and their foothills in southern Siberia. We analysed climatic and habitat requirements of modern populations for eight land‐snail and 16 vascular plant species that are considered characteristic of the full‐glacial environment of central Europe based on (i) fossil evidence from loess deposits (snails) or (ii) refugial patterns of their modern distributions (plants). The analysis yielded consistent predictions of the full‐glacial central European climate derived from both snail and plant populations. We found that the distribution of these 24 species was limited to the areas with mean annual temperature varying from ?6.7 to 3.4 °C (median ?2.5 °C) and with total annual precipitation varying from 137 to 593 mm (median 283 mm). In both groups there were species limited to areas with colder and drier macroclimates (e.g. snails Columella columella and Pupilla loessica, and plants Kobresia myosuroides and Krascheninnikovia ceratoides), whereas other species preferred areas with relatively warmer and/or moister macroclimates (e.g. snails Pupilla turcmenica and P. alpicola, and plants Artemisia laciniata and Carex capillaris). Analysis of climatic conditions also indicated that distributional shifts of the studied species during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition were closely related to their climatic tolerances. Our results suggest that the habitat requirements of southern Siberian populations can provide realistic insights into the reconstruction of Eurasian, especially central European, glacial environments. Data obtained from modern populations also highlight the importance of wet habitats as refugia in the generally dry full‐glacial landscape.     

Radiogenic trigger and driver for continental rifting and initial ocean spreading

Closure and opening of oceans on time‐scales of a few hundred million years is a fundamental tectonic process on Earth, typically referred to as a “Wilson cycle”. Subduction of oceanic and continental crust leading up to and during continent–continent collision can refertilize and enrich the orogenic continental lithospheric mantle in heat‐producing elements. The resulting thermal anomaly weakens the lithosphere and, along with structural weaknesses (e.g. sutures), make this orogenic lithosphere more prone to rifting given an extensional stress field. Thermal modelling shows that anomalously hot lithosphere can focus asthenospheric upwellings over time‐scales of a few hundred million years. Processes related to closure of oceans thus provide a mechanism for later localization of rifting and an extensional driving force.     

Upscaling of two-phase discrete fracture simulations using a convolutional neural network

Upscaling methods such as the dual porosity/dual permeability (DPDP) model provide a robust means for numerical simulation of fractured reservoirs. In order to close the DPDP model, one needs to provide the upscaled fracture permeabilities and the parameters of the matrix-fracture mass transfer for every fractured coarse block in the domain. Obtaining these model closures from fine-scale discrete fracture-matrix (DFM) simulations is a lengthy and computationally expensive process. We alleviate these difficulties by pixelating the fracture geometries and predicting the upscaled parameters using a convolutional neural network (CNN), trained on precomputed fine-scale results. We demonstrate that once a trained CNN is available, it can provide the DPDP model closures for a wide range of modeling parameters, not only those for which the training dataset has been obtained. The performance of the DPDP model with both reference and predicted closures is compared to the reference DFM simulations of two-phase flows using a synthetic and a realistic fracture geometries. While the both DPDP solutions underestimate the matrix-fracture transfer rate, they agree well with each other and demonstrate a significant speedup as compared to the reference fine-scale solution.

     

石榴辉石岩的电导率及对岩浆底侵的约束

河北汉诺坝新生代玄武岩携带的石榴辉石岩为岩浆底侵于上地幔顶部40～45 km形成的堆晶岩,是壳-幔过渡带的典型样品。本文使用Solartron 1260阻抗分析仪,测量1.2 GPa和380～900 ℃下石榴辉石岩WD958的电阻率。样品电导率(σ)与温度的关系遵守Arrhenius方程: σ=σ₀exp(-ΔH/kT),其中T是样品的绝对温度,k是Boltzmann常数,指前因子σ₀为97.5 S/m,活化焓ΔH为1.27 eV。使用傅立叶红外光谱仪测定样品中单斜辉石的平均含水量为117×10^-6 H₂O,橄榄石无水,石榴子石的含水量因蚀变无法测定。使用Hashin-Shtrikman平均方法计算样品WD958的电导率,发现样品可看作由含水单斜辉石、无水石榴子石和无水橄榄石组成的高阻集合体,电导率同时受小极化子导电和质子导电的影响。如果原位的石榴辉石岩的矿物含水量保持平衡,其电导率将提高1个数量级,质子导电成为主控导电机制。石榴辉石岩在高温的壳-幔过渡带(～1 000℃)表现为高导层,而在正常地温梯度下,与尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的电导率近似,为高阻层。因此,在岩浆底侵作用下,电性上的壳-幔边界将随着温度和含水量的变化而改变。