Source and Quality of Groundwater Surrounding the Qinghai Lake,NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Comprehensive studies on the spatial distribution, water quality, recharge source, and hydrochemical evolution of regional groundwater form the foundation of rational utilization of groundwater resources. In this study, we investigated the water levels, hydrochemistry, and stable isotope composition of groundwater in the vicinity of the Qinghai Lake in China to reveal its recharge sources, hydrochemical evolution, and water quality. The level of groundwater relative to the level of water in the Qinghai Lake ranged from −1.27 to 122.91 m, indicating most of the groundwater to be flowing into the lake. The local evaporation line (LEL) of groundwater was simulated as δ²H = 6.08 δ¹⁸O-3.01. The groundwater surrounding the Qinghai Lake was primarily recharged through local precipitation at different altitudes. The hydrochemical type of most of the groundwater samples was Ca-Mg-HCO₃; the hydrochemistry was primarily controlled by carbonate dissolution during runoff. At several locations, the ionic concentrations in groundwater exceeded the current drinking water standards making it unsuitable for drinking. The main source of nitrate in groundwater surrounding the Qinghai Lake was animal feces and sewage, suggesting that groundwater pollution should be mitigated in areas practicing animal husbandry in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, regardless of industrial and urbanization rates being relatively low in the region. The scientific planning, engineering, and management of livestock manure and wastewater discharge from animal husbandry practices is a crucial and is urgently required in the Tibetan Plateau.     

西伯利亚下地幔底部的剪切波各向异性

D"在地球动力学演化中起着重要的作用.地震学研究已表明,D"区存在着显著的大尺度区域的地震波各向异性,但由于地震震源与接收台分布的地理局限性,D"区各向异性的研究主要局限于北太平洋、加勒比海、阿拉斯拉、中太平洋等地区(Wookey et al,2005;Garnero,Lay,2003;Matzel,1996;Pulliam,Sen,1998),对西伯利亚下地幔底部的各向异性研究目前尚未见到.     

CD-L1型流气式固体氡源替换RN-150型氡源的研究

通过对CD-L1型流气式固体氡源氡产生率稳定性、同一闪烁室用不同氡源标定K值的对比实验研究,表明用CD-L1型流气式固体氡源与用RN-150型氡源标定的K值之间相差远小于5％,完全能够替代目前地震台使用的RN-150型氡源,同时具有操作简便、体积小、易携带等优点。     

福建古田水口水库M_L4.8级地震序列震源参数研究

应用福建省区域数字地震台网观测记录到的古田水口水库ML4.8级地震序列的资料,在扣除地震记录数据中传播路径效应、台站场地响应和仪器响应后,采用Atkinson单地震、多台记录平均的反演方法计算震源参数,共计算了序列中的38个ML≥2.5级地震的震源参数。结果显示：地震矩与震级之间有较好的线性关系,统计关系式为logM0=1.08ML＋9.63;建立了用ML震级估算矩震级MW的公式MW=0.72ML＋0.387;其它的参数间虽有一定的相关性,但很难给出定量的关系。对地震序列应力降随时间发展的变化分析认为,在前震期水口水库区域存在应力加速积累的过程,有出现高应力降异常值的发生,临近主震时,应力降有所回调;最大余震后,应力降呈逐步衰减,未出现高异常值。     

Assessment of the impact of climate change on flow regime at multiple temporal scales and potential ecological implications in an alpine river

The source region of Yellow river is an alpine river sensitive to climate changes, but the potential effects of climate change on hydrological regime characteristics and ecological implications are less understood. This study aims to assess the response of the alterations in the flow regimes over the source region of Yellow river to climate change using Soil and Water Integrated Model driven by different Global Circulation Models (GFDL-ESM2M, IPSL-CM5A-LR and MIROC-ESM-CHEM) under three Representative Concentration Pathway emission scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Indicators of hydrological alteration and River impact index are employed to evaluate streamflow regime alterations at multiple temporal scales. Results show that the magnitude of monthly and annual streamflow except May, the magnitude and duration of the annual extreme, and the number of reversals are projected to increase in the near future period (2020–2049) and far future period (2070–2099) compared to the baseline period (1971–2000). The timing of annual maximum flows is expected to shift backwards. The source region of Yellow river is expected to undergo low change degree as per the scenarios RCP2.6 for both two future periods and under the scenarios RCP4.5 for the near future period, whereas high change degree under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in the far period on the daily scale. On the monthly scale, climate changes mainly have effects on river flow magnitude and timing. The basin would suffer an incipient impact alteration in the far period under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, while low impact in other scenarios. These changes in flow regimes could have several positive impacts on aquatic ecosystems in the near period but more detrimental effects in the far period.

     

When to conduct an isotopic survey for lake water balance evaluation in highly seasonal climates

One‐time or short‐term lake water isotopic surveys are often employed to evaluate regional lake water balance. However, it can be difficult to determine the optimal time‐window for sampling to obtain a representative long‐term perspective of lake water balance in settings influenced by seasonal variations in precipitation, evaporative loss, glacial/snow meltwater, and larger seasonal shifts in isotopic composition of precipitation. This is especially true for areas of the Tibetan Plateau that are influenced by the summer Indian monsoon. Although high‐frequency sampling is always preferred as the most rigorous approach to characterize the water budget of lakes or watersheds, this may be impractical in remote regions and over large spatial scales. To assess the potential sensitivity of isotope balance characterization to seasonal variability, we used a weekly lake water isotope data set acquired over a period of 3 years on the Tibetan Plateau to evaluate the potential inaccuracies that might have arisen from using isotopic data collected during narrower time‐windows. For this assessment, we use weekly isotopic data collected during the study and assume that these sampling events were stand‐alone one‐time surveys. We then demonstrate the sensitivity of the isotope balance method in this setting, particularly for the rainy season that significantly underestimated the evaporation/inflow. In contrast, isotopic composition of the lake water was found to be more representative of long‐term conditions when sampled in October on the Tibetan Plateau. To broaden our evaluation of seasonality effects over a range of climatic zones, published high‐frequency isotopic data were also compiled, and a similar assessment was carried out for selected regions of the world. The synthesized data and model outputs, which confirm pronounced variations in lake water isotopic composition and evaporation/inflow across a range of seasonal climates, were used to determine optimal sampling windows for these specific regions.     

Effects of rock fragment cover on hydrological processes under rainfall simulation in a semi‐arid region of China

Rock fragment cover has long been an important agricultural crop production technique on the Loess Plateau, China. Although this approach plays an important role in controlling hydrological processes and preventing soil erosion, inconsistent results have been recovered in this field. In this study, we investigated the effects of rock fragment cover on infiltration, run‐off, soil erosion, and hydraulic parameters using rainfall simulation in the field in a semi‐arid region of China. Two field plots encompassing 6 rock fragment coverages (0%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 40%), as well as 2 rock fragment positions and sizes were exposed to rainfall at a particular intensity (60 mm h^?1). The results of this study showed that increasing the rock fragment coverage with rock fragments resting on the soil surface increased infiltration but decreased run‐off generation and sediment yield. A contrasting result was found, however, when rock fragments were partially embedded into the soil surface; in this case, a positive relationship between rock fragment coverage and run‐off rate as well as a nonmonotonic relationship with respect to soil loss rate was recovered. The size of rock fragments also exerted a positive effect on run‐off generation and sediment yield but had a negative effect on infiltration. At the same time, both mean flow velocity and Froude number decreased with increasing rock fragment coverage regardless of rock fragment position and size, whereas both Manning roughness and Darcy–Weisbach friction factor were positively correlated. Results show that stream power is the most sensitive hydraulic parameter affecting soil loss. Combined with variance analysis, we concluded that the order of significance of rock fragment cover variables was position followed by coverage and then size. We also quantitatively incorporated the effects of rock fragment cover on soil loss via the C and K factors in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation. Overall, this study will enable the development of more accurate modelling approaches and lead to a better understanding of hydrological processes under rock fragment cover conditions.     

民乐-山丹间地震的区域构造变形背景与中短期前兆

2003年10月25日在甘肃省民乐-山丹间(38.4°N,101.2°E;38.4°N,101.1°E)连续发生Ms6.1,Ms5.8地震,发震断裂为民乐-大马营断裂(近EW向,逆断兼左旋,属祁连山北缘主断裂).这是自1986年门源Ms6.4地震后,时隔十七年,祁连山构造及河西走廊地区发生的首次6级以上地震;也是昆仑山口西Ms8.1地震发生近两年来,青藏块体北边界第一个6级以上的地震,其意义影响深远.青藏块体北缘地区自上世纪80年代的不同时间起测、通常在每年3月、7月和11月份各观测1次的54处跨断层短水准流动形变观测场地,控制了祁连山-龙首山构造带、海原-六盘山构造带及西秦岭构造带.由于2003年7月出现异常数量较多等因素,中国地震局第二监测中心于2003年9月下旬至10月中旬对其中51处场地进行了加密观测,距民乐-山丹发震仅10余天;而震后又提前1周(10月26日开始)由震区向外围扩展,至11月中旬实施了第4期(应急)观测.此外,作为中国地震局系统2003年上半年"非典"时期唯一实施GPS观测的单位,我们还获得了2001～2003年该区水平运动速度场的最新结果(60个站点,于震前的4～5月施测).Matsu'ura负位错模型认为受现今地壳运动驱动下的各活动地块间的相对运动在地块边界处有可能受到部分阻碍,从而导致应力应变积聚.则利用地表位移观测可将区域深部的多个块体与其边界断层联系起来,其通过反演确定的块体边界断层带的相对闭锁区,对地震预报很有意义.而无量纲的断层形变应变强度比,定义为某场地某跨断层测段单期年变(某期观测相对上一年同期观测)位移梯度(对水准资料;而对基线资料则为线应变)与正常平均年变幅度的比.这样既可直观、定量地表征断层形变应变类信息实时变化的强弱,又能使不同场地、不同测段的值具有可比性和统一性.其对断层形变的趋势加速及突跳等短期快速变化反映灵敏,尤其能够消除观测季节的影响.本文借助负位错模型,通过分析区域水平相对运动与视应变场、活动块体及其边界断裂的构造变形特征、高应变能积累或显著增强部位及相应能量强度(用年均地震矩反映块体边界断层段的能量积累速率,借助年均应力降反映剪应力强度),结合断层形变应变强度比-时变曲线,研究了民乐-山丹地震前的区域构造变形背景与中短期前兆异常.分析表明:     

Ground motion attenuation of M_s8.0 Wenchuan earthquake

The great MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake has been the most destructive earthquake since 1949 in China. The earthquake occurred no more than half a year after the establishment of the National Strong Motion Observation Network System (NSMONS) of China; what is more, the epicenter was located in the area with dense strong motion observation stations so that a large number of strong motion records of the main shock were obtained. In this paper, 501 strong motion records from 167 observation stations are utilized to...     

Characteristics of vertical ozone distribution in the lower troposphere in the Yangtze River Delta at Lin’an in the spring of 2001

Deterioration of air quality as a result of rapid eco- nomic development in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) has attracted much scientific and public attention[1―7]. To explore the air quality of a region, measurement of pollutants in locations reflecting the “background” atmospheric conditions of the region is essential. The Regional Baseline Air Quality Monitoring Station of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) at Lin’an is located in such an area in Zhe- jiang Pro…