云南宾川盆地及周边地震波走时的季节性变化和可能的物理机制

基于背景噪声自相关方法, 本文计算了云南宾川盆地及周边区域地震波在四个频段的相对走时变化(dt/t), 发现存在比较显著的年变和半年变特征, 最大变化幅度从0.1~0.2 Hz(7 km左右深度最敏感)的±0.8%逐渐降低至1.0~2.0 Hz(对应1 km以浅介质)的±0.05%.噪声源季节性变化可能是dt/t周期性起伏的一个潜在因素, 但雨水和温度与其有更直接的关联性.其中雨水渗透产生的介质孔隙压变化是年变和半年变的重要贡献因素; 而温度起伏产生的介质热力学形变, 主要对一定深度范围(3 km左右最敏感)的介质有明显的年变影响.不同频段走时变化存在幅度差异和不同步, 可能和各频段敏感核的深度范围以及水与热力学形变从地表向深部渗透/传播过程有关.研究表明, 环境因素对地下介质的地震波走时有较为显著的影响, 区分出它们的贡献, 才能更可靠地评估地震构造应力或人文生态环境的变化.

     

A New Non‐Pterodactyloid Pterosaur from Qinglong County,Hebei Province of China

A new basal non-pterodactyloid pterosaur, Changchengopterus pani gen. et sp. nov., is erected, on the basis of a nearly complete postcranial skeleton. The new taxon is distinguished by relatively short extensions of the prezygapophyses, postzygapophyses and haemal arches of the caudal vertebrae; a humerus that has a subtriangular deltopectoral crest; limb elements that decrease in length in the following order: ulna> wing-phalange 2 > wing-phalange 3 = wing-phalange 1>humerus >tibia>femur>wing-metacarpal. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that Changchengopterus is a basal member of rhamphorhynchoids, and more closely related to Dorygnathus than to other rhamphorhychoids. The geological age of the Changchengopterus -bearing sediments is no latter than the end of the Late Jurassic and it is possible Middle Jurassic.     

武夷山紫色土磁学特征及其对成壤的指示意义

紫色土是非地带性土壤, 具有磁性本底值低的特征, 是研究成土初始阶段土壤磁性矿物与成土因素关系的良好材料。目前, 国内紫色土系统的环境磁学研究处于起步阶段。本研究以福建省武夷山市的紫色土剖面(简称WYS剖面, 地理坐标为27°44'24'N, 118°00'36'E; 海拔216.3m)为分析对象。该剖面发育于白垩系紫红色粉砂质泥岩之上, 厚度为0.9m。通过系统的环境磁学研究, 结合漫反射光谱一阶导数曲线、色度指标和常量地球化学元素指标, 分析其磁学特征的层次分异, 探讨磁学参数对成壤的指示意义。结果表明: 1)WYS剖面以反铁磁性矿物赤铁矿为主。A层的亚铁磁性矿物磁铁矿含量略有增加, 超顺磁(SP)颗粒含量更高, 磁颗粒相对更细。成壤作用是造成A层和C层的磁学特征差异的主导因素。2)WYS剖面母岩具有易于物理风化、不易化学风化的特征。由于成土时间短, 即便在湿热气候条件下, 母质中磁性矿物转化微弱。母质和成土时间是影响紫色土磁学性质的主导因素。3)成壤过程中, 少部分赤铁矿转化为磁铁矿。磁学参数的微小变化响应于弱成壤作用, 表明紫色土磁学特征可以非常敏感地指示成壤强度。

     

华北克拉通始太古代演化——来自冀东38亿年片麻岩锆石Hf-O同位素的记录

陆壳成因的研究对了解地球演化具有重要意义, 但由于古老陆壳岩石出露有限, 目前地球早期陆壳研究还比较薄弱。近期, 冀东地区一处新的始太古代岩石记录的发现, 为研究华北克拉通内部早期陆壳性质提供了极为重要的对象。本文对冀东卢龙喇叭山地区这处新发现的始太古代花岗闪长质片麻岩进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf-O同位素分析。结果显示该样品中锆石具有自形-半自形晶形、振荡环带的内部结构, 较高的Th、U含量以及Th/U比值, 显示岩浆锆石特征。7个SIMS分析点给出的加权平均²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb年龄为3776±11Ma(MSWD=3.1), 代表了花岗闪长质岩浆的结晶年龄, 指示冀东地区存在始太古代结晶基底。这些锆石的O同位素组成(δ¹⁸O=5.81±0.13‰)与地幔锆石在分析误差范围内一致, 其Hf同位素组成(ε_Hf(t)=0.09±0.31)与球粒陨石均一岩浆库类似。这些Hf-O同位素特征显著不同于冀东地区曹庄岩组中发现的始太古代碎屑锆石, 说明其不可能作为曹庄岩组变沉积岩的物源区。而华北克拉通内部鞍山地区的始太古代片麻岩中的岩浆锆石与冀东始太古代碎屑锆石在Hf-O同位素特征上最为类似, 因此前者是冀东始太古代碎屑锆石最可能的源岩, 暗示冀东地区和鞍山地区在始太古代时可能是统一的整体。与全球始太古代岩石记录对比发现, 华北克拉通主体与North Atlantic克拉通、Pilbara克拉通和塔里木克拉通等主要克拉通类似, 其内部目前发现的最古老岩石都具有与球粒陨石一致的锆石Hf同位素组成, 指示大部分始太古代陆壳可能源自一个未发生明显分异的相对原始地幔源区。

     

西藏雅鲁藏布江结合带色吾村白垩纪变基性岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

区域地质调查在青藏高原南部曲松县邱多江乡色吾村附近新发现白垩纪变基性岩,呈层状大面积分布于雅鲁藏布江缝合带南侧宋热岩组B岩段中。为查明这些变基性岩形成时代和地球化学特征,在详实的野外工作基础上,进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年和地球化学分析。所有样品的年龄值均属于早白垩世。主量元素地球化学特征显示,其属于低钾（拉斑）玄武岩系列;稀土元素分析结果显示,原始岩浆岩中晶出的斜长石较少或者未结晶,轻、重稀土元素之间具有相对较高的分馏程度;高场强元素相对明显的富集;大离子亲石元素亏损,Sr和Ba负异常明显;并认为变基性岩可能来自软流圈地幔。根据稳定富集的高场强元素投图,岩浆在就位和形成过程中受到地壳混染。构造环境分析认为,这套变基性岩具有洋中脊玄武岩MORB的特征,其形成可能与新特提斯洋被动大陆边缘热点与洋中脊相互作用有关。由于岩石变质变形作用强烈,镜下无法判断其原岩成分,从野外观察看,较接近火山岩的特征。若为火山喷发形成,将对雅鲁藏布江缝合带南部研究产生重要促进作用,并因此厘定出白垩纪地层。     

Sedimentology,palaeoenvironments and biostratigraphy of the Pliocene–Pleistocene carbonate platform of Grande‐Terre (Guadeloupe,Lesser Antilles forearc)

Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits from Grande‐Terre (Guadeloupe archipelago, French Lesser Antilles) provide a remarkable example of an isolated carbonate system built in an active margin setting, with sedimentation controlled by both rapid sea‐level changes and tectonic movements. Based on new field, sedimentological and palaeontological analyses, these deposits have been organized into four sedimentary sequences (S1 to S4) separated by three subaerial erosion surfaces (SB0, SB1 and SB2). Sequences S1 and S2 (‘Calcaires inférieurs à rhodolithes’) deposited during the Late Zanclean to Early Gelasian (planktonic foraminiferal Zones PL2 to PL5) in low subsidence conditions, on a distally steepened ramp dipping eastward. Red algal‐rich deposits, which dominate the western part of Grande‐Terre, change to planktonic foraminifer‐rich deposits eastward. Vertical movements of tens of metres were responsible for the formation of SB0 and SB1. Sequence S3 (‘Formation volcano‐sédimentaire’, ‘Calcaires supérieurs à rhodolithes’ and ‘Calcaires à Agaricia’) was deposited during the Late Piacenzian to Early Calabrian (Zones PL5 to PT1a) on a distally steepened, red algal‐dominated ramp that changes upward into a homoclinal, coral‐dominated ramp. Deposition of Sequence S3 occurred during a eustatic cycle in quiet tectonic conditions. Its uppermost boundary, the major erosion surface SB2, is related to the Cala1 eustatic sea‐level fall. Finally, Sequence S4 (‘Calcaires à Acropora’) probably formed during the Calabrian, developing as a coral‐dominated platform during a eustatic cycle in quiet tectonic conditions. The final emergence of the island could then have occurred in Late Calabrian times.     

基于接收函数的华南及邻区地壳结构研究

利用华南地块及邻区2007～2012年609个地震台站记录的约900个5.7级以上远震事件,获得各台站的接收函数,通过分析接收函数的形态变化了解各台站下方的地壳结构特征,然后再利用H-κ叠加搜索技术获得各台站下方的地壳厚度和波速比.结果显示,研究区的地壳结构表现为从沿海向内陆逐渐复杂的变化,地壳厚度也表现出由沿海向内陆...     

Analysis of ambient noise in Yalova, Turkey: discrimination between artificial and natural excitations

Ambient noise measurements acquired in Yalova, which was highly damaged during the 1999 Izmit earthquake, are analyzed to explore the site characteristics. The region of Yalova is governed by complex geological and geomorphological structures consisting of river beds extending from the mountains to the sea, ridges between them, plains in front of them with different size, and the sea coast. As a result of these shallow geological features, the H/V curves exhibit complex patterns. Clear peaks in the H/V curves, which can be interpreted as reliable site resonance frequency, are observed only at about half of the measurement sites. At the remaining sites industrial peaks, broad peaks, or flat responses dominate the spectral ratio graphs. We observed that man-made noises generated by marble cutting machines in Hersek delta mask the site resonance frequencies or can be misinterpreted as a resonance frequency. In total, we identified three anthropogenic noise sources at fundamental frequencies of 1.3, 1.5, and 1.7 Hz along with their two- and threefold harmonics. The parts of H/V curves showing unusual low scattering can be a clue to identify anthropogenic effects. In the assessment of H/V curves, the site location and the similarity of the near surface geology were taken into account. The Laledere plain with thick and soft sediment sequence surprisingly displays flat responses due to a possible low impedance contrast. The Ciftlikkoy and Hacimehmet plains exhibit clear resonance peaks at nearly 1 Hz possessing the largest amplitudes. These sites experienced the highest damage in Yalova during the Izmit earthquake. In contrast, the Cinarcik region which was also exposed to high damage, do not show any obvious amplifications on the H/V curves. Generally, the H/V curves for valley and ridge sites in Yalova reveals a resonance peak at approximately 1 Hz and almost flat curves, respectively. However, several sites on the ridges and valleys portray different patterns.     

与东北冷涡相伴的高空急流诱发平流层重力波的数值模拟研究

使用中尺度数值模式WRF-ARW,针对2010年6月发生在中国东北地区一例伴随对流层高空西风急流（位于~9 km高度）演变过程出现的平流层重力波活动特征开展了数值模拟. 事件发生期间,对流层区域环流处在一个东北冷涡系统的控制之下. 模拟结果再现了该东北冷涡的发展和维持过程,以及与之相伴的高空急流的特征. 模拟结果揭示出在急流区域上空的平流层中存在显著重力波活动现象. 分析结果显示,重力波活动与急流存在紧密联系,在水平方向上,重力波呈显著的二维结构,出现在急流出口区上部并逆背景流向西传播. 功率谱分析结果表明盛行波动具有~700 km水平尺度、9~12 h时间尺度以及4~5 km垂直波长. 由于急流的存在,造成其与平流层中下部之间存在显著的水平风速垂直切变,与切变相伴的耗散使得上传的重力波动量通量数值随着高度升高而递减. 同时,在18~20 km高度间出现的西风-东风转换带极大地抑制了波动在垂直方向的传播,形成显著动量通量沉积效应. 估算结果表明,在11~20 km高度之间,这种效应的整体作用相当于对该层背景流施加强度为0.86 m·s-1·day-1的动力阻曳.     

Mid‐sized complex crater formation in mixed crystalline‐sedimentary targets: Insight from modeling and observation

Abstract— Large impact crater formation is an important geologic process that is not fully understood. The current paradigm for impact crater formation is based on models and observations of impacts in homogeneous targets. Real targets are rarely uniform; for example, the majority of Earth's surface is covered by sedimentary rocks and/or a water layer. The ubiquity of layering across solar system bodies makes it important to understand the effect target properties have on the cratering process. To advance understanding of the mechanics of crater collapse, and the effect of variations in target properties on crater formation, the first “Bridging the Gap” workshop recommended that geological observation and numerical modeling focussed on mid‐sized (15–30 km diameter) craters on Earth. These are large enough to be complex; small enough to be mapped, surveyed and modelled at high resolution; and numerous enough for the effects of target properties to be potentially disentangled from the effects of other variables. In this paper, we compare observations and numerical models of three 18–26 km diameter craters formed in different target lithology: Ries, Germany; Haughton, Canada; and El'gygytgyn, Russia. Based on the first‐order assumption that the impact energy was the same in all three impacts we performed numerical simulations of each crater to construct a simple quantitative model for mid‐sized complex crater formation in a subaerial, mixed crystalline‐sedimentary target. We compared our results with interpreted geological profiles of Ries and Haughton, based on detailed new and published geological mapping and published geophysical surveys. Our combined observational and numerical modeling work suggests that the major structural differences between each crater can be explained by the difference in thickness of the pre‐impact sedimentary cover in each case. We conclude that the presence of an inner ring at Ries, and not at Haughton, is because basement rocks that are stronger than the overlying sediments are sufficiently close to the surface that they are uplifted and overturned during excavation and remain as an uplifted ring after modification and post‐impact erosion. For constant impact energy, transient and final crater diameters increase with increasing sediment thickness.