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91.
92.
The influence of negative emission technologies and technology policies on the optimal climate mitigation portfolio 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Derek M. Lemoine Sabine Fuss Jana Szolgayova Michael Obersteiner Daniel M. Kammen 《Climatic change》2012,113(2):141-162
Combining policies to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere with policies to reduce emissions could decrease CO2 concentrations faster than possible via natural processes. We model the optimal selection of a dynamic portfolio of abatement, research and development (R&D), and negative emission policies under an exogenous CO2 constraint and with stochastic technological change. We find that near-term abatement is not sensitive to the availability of R&D policies, but the anticipated availability of negative emission strategies can reduce the near-term abatement optimally undertaken to meet 2°C temperature limits. Further, planning to deploy negative emission technologies shifts optimal R&D funding from ??carbon-free?? technologies into ??emission intensity?? technologies. Making negative emission strategies available enables an 80% reduction in the cost of keeping year 2100 CO2 concentrations near their current level. However, negative emission strategies are less important if the possibility of tipping points rules out using late-century net negative emissions to temporarily overshoot the CO2 constraint earlier in the century. 相似文献
93.
Navin Chandra Joshi Neeraj Singh Bankoti Seema Pande Bimal Pande Kavita Pandey 《Solar physics》2009,260(2):451-463
In this article we present the results of a study of the spatial distribution and asymmetry of solar active prominences (SAP)
for the period 1996 through 2007 (solar cycle 23). For more meaningful statistical analysis we analyzed the distribution and
asymmetry of SAP in two subdivisions viz. Group1 (ADF, APR, DSF, CRN, CAP) and Group2 (AFS, ASR, BSD, BSL, DSD, SPY, LPS). The North – South (N – S) latitudinal distribution
shows that the SAP events are most prolific in the 21° to 30° slice in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres; the East – West
(E – W) longitudinal distribution study shows that the SAP events are most prolific (best observable) in the 81° to 90° slice
in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. It was found that the SAP activity during this cycle is low compared to previous solar
cycles. The present study indicates that during the rising phase of the cycle the number of SAP events are roughly equal in
the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. However, activity in the Southern Hemisphere has been dominant since 1999. Our statistical
study shows that the N – S asymmetry is more significant then the E – W asymmetry. 相似文献
94.
A filament disappearance event was observed on 22 May 2008 during our recent campaign JOP 178. The filament, situated in the Southern Hemisphere, showed sinistral chirality consistent with the hemispheric rule. The event was well observed by several observatories, in particular by THEMIS. One day, before the disappearance, Hα observations showed up- and down-flows in adjacent locations along the filament, which suggest plasma motions along twisted flux rope. THEMIS and GONG observations show shearing photospheric motions leading to magnetic flux canceling around barbs. STEREO A, B spacecraft with separation angle 52.4°, showed quite different views of this untwisting flux rope in He ii 304 Å images. Here, we reconstruct the three-dimensional geometry of the filament during its eruption phase using STEREO EUV He ii 304 Å images and find that the filament was highly inclined to the solar normal. The He ii 304 Å movies show individual threads, which oscillate and rise to an altitude of about 120 Mm with apparent velocities of about 100 km?s?1 during the rapid evolution phase. Finally, as the flux rope expands into the corona, the filament disappears by becoming optically thin to undetectable levels. No CME was detected by STEREO, only a faint CME was recorded by LASCO at the beginning of the disappearance phase at 02:00 UT, which could be due to partial filament eruption. Further, STEREO Fe xii 195 Å images showed bright loops beneath the filament prior to the disappearance phase, suggesting magnetic reconnection below the flux rope. 相似文献
95.
Using the Quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) model the modulational instability of electron-acoustic waves (EAWs) has been examined theoretically by deriving a nonlinear Schrodinger equation in a two-electron-populated relativistically degenerate super dense plasma. Through numerical analysis it is shown that the relativistic degeneracy parameter significantly influence the stability conditions and the formation and properties of the envelop solitons. 相似文献
96.
Shantanu Kumar Biswal Santosh Kumar Agarwalla Munesh Chandra Adhikary 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2012,337(2):645-650
Some recent experimental observations have been shown that inclusion of electron collisions damping in inertial Alfvén wave
(IAW) dynamics may be important for laboratory as well as space plasmas. This paper presents the numerical simulation of model
equation governing the nonlinear dynamics of IAW in low-beta plasmas. When the nonlinearity arises due to the ponderomotive
force and Joule heating driven density perturbations, the model equation turns out to be a modified nonlinear Schr?dinger
equation (MNLS). The electron collisions are introduced only in the electron momentum equation. The damped localized structures
of IAW with sidebands are obtained. Also, the effect of collisional damping on power spectra of magnetic fluctuations with
different scaling laws has been studied. These turbulent structures may be responsible for particle acceleration in laboratory
and space plasmas. 相似文献
97.
The purpose of this paper is to propose an efficient numerical method for solving Lane-Emden type equations arising in astrophysics using Bernstein polynomials. First Bernstein operational matrix of differentiation is derived using Bernstein polynomials and then applied to solve the linear and nonlinear differential equations of Lane-Emden type. Some illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the efficiency and validity of the proposed algorithm. 相似文献
98.
Yi-Zhong Fan † Tsvi Piran † Ramesh Narayan † Da-Ming Wei † 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,384(4):1483-1501
We calculate the very high-energy (sub-GeV to TeV) inverse Compton emission of GRB afterglows. We argue that this emission provides a powerful test of the currently accepted afterglow model. We focus on two processes: synchrotron self-Compton emission within the afterglow blast wave, and external inverse Compton emission which occurs when flare photons (produced by an internal process) pass through the blast wave. We show that if our current interpretations of the Swift X-ray telescope (XRT) data are correct, there should be a canonical high-energy afterglow emission light curve. Our predictions can be tested with high-energy observatories such as GLAST , Whipple, HESS and MAGIC. Under favourable conditions we expect afterglow detections in all these detectors. 相似文献
99.
Abstract— Siderophile elements have been used to constrain projectile compositions in terrestrial and lunar impact melt rocks. To obtain a better knowledge of compositional differences between potential chondritic projectile types, meteorite analyses of the elements Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Cr, Co, Ni, and Au were gathered into a database. The presented compilation comprises 806 analyses of 278 chondrites including new ICP‐MS analyses of Allende and two ordinary chondrites. Each data set was evaluated by comparing element ratios of meteorites from the same chondrite group. Characteristic element abundances and ratios were determined for each group. Features observed in the element abundance patterns can be linked directly to the presence of certain components, such as the abundance of refractory elements Os, Ir, and Ru correlating with the occurrence of refractory inclusions in CV, CO, CK, and CM chondrites. The refined characteristic element ratios appear to be representative not only for meteorites, but also for related asteroidal bodies. Chondrite element ratios were compared to previously published values from impact melt rocks of the Popigai and Morokweng impact structures confirming that an identification of the specific type of projectile (L and LL chondrite, respectively) is possible. The assessment for Morokweng is supported by the recent discovery of an LL chondrite fragment in the impact melt rocks. Ultimately, the database provides valuable information for understanding processes in the solar nebula as they are recorded in chondrites. A new type of complementarity between element patterns of CK and EH chondrites is suggested to be the result of condensation, redox, and transportation processes in the solar nebula. 相似文献
100.
Lucie Jui
kov Jitka Hor
kov Anna Jansov Jana kodov Tereza Kosov Vojen Loek 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2019,48(4):929-939
Prehistoric settlements are usually perceived as being in opposition to the natural development of the landscape. Indeed, for woodland snail assemblages in anthropogenic landscapes in central Europe, considerable impoverishment is typical. However, it remains unclear whether this has been caused by humans only or also by climate effects. From an archaeological point of view, the Moravian Karst is one of the classic prehistorical locations in central Europe, but with a more humid climate than the previously studied anthropogenic areas. To learn more about coexistence of humans and natural forests during the Lateglacial and Holocene, we analysed 11 mollusc successions covering this entire area, a unique data set for such a relatively small area. These mollusc successions show several specific features compared to the standard development known from other mid‐European areas. One is that although the Moravian Karst is not far from the Western Carpathians, Carpathian species appeared relatively late, only during the second half of the Holocene climatic optimum. Similarly, some western European and Alpine elements appeared later than expected. In contrast to this, however, a number of forest species with central European range appeared relatively early during the Lateglacial or Early Holocene. Two even survived the Last Glacial Maximum in the Moravian Karst. This would suggest an early occurrence of forest patches in a mosaic landscape. Humans have apparently inhabited this area since the Lateglacial amongst islands of forests, which later changed during the Boreal and then the climatic optimum into humid canopy forests. Thus, a mosaic of anthropogenic and natural habitats persisting in close vicinity was possible in rugged and humid landscapes practically until the Industrial Revolution. 相似文献