安徽沿江地区中生代岩浆岩的基本特点

安徽沿江地区位于长江中下游岩浆带中段,中生代岩浆活动强烈,类型复杂,特点突出。它具有夹心饼干式分带现象。中间为富碱的高钾钙碱性岩系和橄榄安粗岩系;两侧为钙碱性岩系。中间的岩浆岩具有高钾富碱、高Ｓｒ,低Ｍｇ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ,εＮｄ变化大但Ｉｓｒ变化小且较低以及岩浆演化的多样性为特点。     

气候序列的层次结构

一个气候时间序列含有多个时间尺度 ,形成不同尺度的气候层次。气候是冷还是暖是随着尺度而变化的。文中用北半球地表月平均气温气候资料的子波变换分析表明 :气候突变点既随尺度有规律的变化 ,也具有随尺度变化而不变的性质 ,即标度不变性。不论什么尺度 ,气候总是有冷暖之分 ,这种自相似性可以帮助笔者从气候资料的子波变换中建立一个一维映射动力系统 ,它反映出气候突变时间的演变规律和气候的层次结构。     

风沙流中沙粒浓度分布的实验研究

利用粒子图像测速技术（PIV）,在风洞内对与天然沙接近的石英沙风沙流沙颗粒浓度沿高度分布进行了研究。对 3种不同轴线风速研究结果表明,风沙流中沙粒浓度沿水平方向基本不变,而随高度呈指数衰减,而且其衰减速率与风速密切相关。风速越大,衰减速率越慢;风速越小,衰减速率越快。风沙运动一旦发生时,靠近沙床表面的沙粒浓度随风速变化很小,可以认为趋于稳定,达到最大值。     

Silica depleted melting of pelites. Petrogenetic grid and application to the Susqueda Aureole, Spain

Metapelitic rocks in the low pressure contact metamorphic aureole around the Susqueda igneous complex, Spain show a number of features that make them an ideal testing ground for the modelling of silica‐undersaturated melting. Rocks in the aureole experienced localized depletion in silica by the segregation of quartz veins during a pre‐anatectic, regional cordierite‐andalusite grade metamorphic event. These rocks were then intruded by gabbroic to dioritic rocks of the Susqueda igneous complex that formed a migmatitic contact metamorphic aureole in the country rocks. This migmatisation event caused quartz‐saturated hornfels and restite formation in rocks that had experienced no quartz vein segregation in the previous regional metamorphic event, but silica‐undersaturated melting in those rocks that were previously depleted in silica. Silica‐undersaturated melting is investigated using a new petrogenetic P–T projection and equilibrium pseudosections calculated in the KFMASH and NCKFMASH systems, respectively. The grid considers quartz absent equilibria and a range of phases that form typically in silica‐undersaturated bulk compositions, for example corundum. It is shown that the quartz‐rich precursors in the Susqueda contact aureole produced about 10% melt during contact metamorphism. However, most of this melt was extracted leaving behind rocks with restitic bulk compositions and minor leucosome segregation. It is suggested that the melt mixed with the host igneous rocks causing an apparent magmatic zoning from diorite in the centre of the complex to tonalite at the margins. In contrast, the quartz‐poor precursors (from which the quartz veins segregated) melted in the silica‐undersaturated field producing a range of assemblages including peritectic corundum and spinel. Melting of the silica‐undersaturated rocks produced only negligible melt and no subsequent melt loss.     

太平洋水下海山磷酸盐的成因及形成环境

笔者首次对太平洋与大洋富钴结壳密切相关的海山磷酸盐的成因及形成环境进行了比较深入的研究.研究发现,各种产出形态的磷酸盐都不同程度地交代碳酸盐等含钙物质,而呈现出交代生物结构、交代凝灰结构、交代角砾状结构及交代填间结构等各种交代结构,反映了磷酸盐的交代成因. 此外,其δ13C值(变化于0.7‰~2.0‰之间)也证实其属于交代成因.磷酸盐中Na、Mg、Sr、F、P2O5含量以及Na/P2O5、Mg/P2O5、Sr/P2O5、F/P2O5的比值,特别是晶格中结构CO2的含量(变化于5.7%~6.2%之间),与形成于氧化环境下的Blake plateau、Chatham Rise、Agulhas Bank等处的磷酸盐相近,表明调查区磷酸盐亦形成于氧化环境.氧同位素测定结果表明,磷酸盐的形成温度为5.8~14.8 ℃,平均为11.5 ℃,显示其形成于正常的海水温度环境.西、中太平洋海山磷酸盐形成环境十分接近的事实暗示,西、中太平洋广大区域内的成磷事件存在着时间上和成因上的统一性和相似性.     

用经验模型判断能力验证统计分析结果的合理性

能力验证是检测实验室识别与同行差异的一种途径,但中国合格评定国家认可委员会( CNAS)在组织能力验证时发现由于种种原因,有些实验室并不能秉承诚信的原则参加能力验证活动,导致统计分析结果“失真”.如何甄别这种情况,确保所有参加CNAS能力验证活动的实验室都获得公平的评价,这是CNAS亟待解决的问题.本文在用国内文献数据对经验模型进行修正的基础上,提出用上报数据目标标准偏差(或稳健标准偏差,sR)与基于经验模型的计算值之比(H值)是否小于0.5作为判据来审核上报数据统计分析结果的合理性.对13套能力验证数据分析表明:其中10套上报数据sR正常,3套数据存在问题.当目标标准偏差偏小,H＜0.5时,建议采用同样是稳健统计方法的迭代法代替四分位法来计算目标标准偏差(sR),或用经验模型计算结果代替实验值计算Z值.通过验证表明,借助Horwitz经验模型可以判断能力验证数据统计分析结果的合理性,并能有效地识别并防止由于某种原因导致对能力验证结果评价失效的情况.     

闪电产生氮氧化物对青藏高原臭氧低谷形成的影响

为了进一步了解青藏高原闪电的产生氮氧化物（LNO_x）经由光化学反应对O₃浓度变化及夏季O₃低谷形成的可能影响,本文利用2005~2013年由OMI卫星得到的对流层NO₂垂直浓度柱（NO₂ VCD）、O₃总浓度柱（TOC）和O₃廓线以及星载光学瞬变探测器OTD和闪电成像仪LIS获取的总闪电数资料,对青藏高原和同纬度长江中下游地区的TOC和NO₂ VCD月均值时空分布特征、闪电与NO₂ VCD的相关性和O₃的垂直分布特征及其与LNO_x的关系进行了对比分析。结果表明,青藏高原的O₃低谷主要出现在夏季和秋季,其TOC值比同纬度长江中下游地区低约10~15 DU（Dobson unit）。青藏高原NO₂VCD总体较小,表现为夏高冬低的分布特征。青藏高原夏季O₃浓度受南亚高压的影响总体呈减小趋势,但因强雷暴天气导致对流层中上部LNO_x浓度升高,并随强上升气流向对流层顶输送,同时通过光化学反应使O₃浓度增加,缩小了青藏高原和同纬度地区的O₃浓度差,减缓了O₃总浓度的下降,抑制了夏季O₃低谷的进一步深化。     

Variations in exospheric density at heights near 1100km, derived from satellite orbits

In an earlier paper, values of exospheric density were obtained from the orbit of Echo 2 for the years 1964–1965. The results indicated a semi-annual variation in density by a factor of between 2 and 3, considerably larger than predicted by existing atmospheric models.

These studies have now been extended to the beginning of 1967, using both Echo 2 and Calsphere 1, to show how the density is responding to increasing solar activity. Variations in density during 1964 have been analysed in more detail. The long-term variation associated with the solar cycle and the short-term variations associated with magnetic and solar disturbances agree with the variations expected on the basis of current models. The semi-annual variation is persisting to higher levels of solar activity, and although its amplitude is diminishing the factor of variation was still 1.6 in 1966.     

Energetic protons from the solar flare of March 24, 1966

Ten to 100 meV protons from the solar flare of March 24, 1966 were observed on the University of California scintillation counter on OGO-I. The short rise and decay times observed in the count rates of the 32 channels of pulse-height analysis show that scattering of the protons by the interplanetary field was much less important in this event than in previously observed proton flares. A diffusion theory in which D = M _r is found to be inadequate to account for the time behavior of the count rates of this event. Small fluctuations of the otherwise smooth decay phase may be due to flare protons reflected from the back of a shock front, which passed the earth on March 23.     

Open source, spatial analysis, and activity-travel behaviour research: capabilities of the aspace package

This paper reports on recent experience with the development of aspace, an Open Source (OS) library for the geographic visualization and analysis of activity-travel behaviour. The paper begins with an overview of recent progress with respect to the convergence of Open Source technology, spatial analysis, and travel behaviour research. The remainder of the paper focuses on aspace; a collection of functions that, when combined with data describing the geographical location of daily activities, can be used to visualize and describe spatial properties of individual and household activity spaces. These properties include: size, orientation, shape, and the geographical dispersion of activity locations contained within the activity space. Several planar geometries are used to transform measurable spatial properties into intuitive objects for visualizing spatial patterns of activity participation. Experiments are conducted, using data from the first wave of the 2003 Toronto Travel Activity Panel Survey, to demonstrate the potential application of aspace for basic and applied policy-based research into activity-travel behaviour. The toolkit is distributed as a downloadable ‘package’ from the Open Source R Project for Statistical Computing.