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31.
Davood M. Yosefnejad Thorsten J. Nagel Nikolaus Froitzheim 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2017,110(2):613-630
The Val-de-Ruz syncline is a northeast-southwest trending, rhomb-shaped synclinal basin in the internal part of the central Jura Mountains. The Mesozoic sediment succession is decoupled from the basement by a décollement horizon in Middle Triassic evaporite-bearing layers at depth and folding is associated with southeast-dipping thrust splays rooting into this décollement. The folds and thrusts also interfere with a system of N-S striking, sinistral strike-slip faults. A 3D model was constructed from the following input data: A digital elevation model, the 1:25,000 geological map of Switzerland, published contours of the top of basement based on drilling and seismics, and nine newly constructed cross-sections. The latter are based on surface geology and published seismic data. Cross-sections parallel to the northwestward transport direction, i.e. perpendicular to the overall strike, are line balanced. Anticlines are interpreted as faulted detachment folds, which initiated by buckling and associated flow of evaporites from synclinal to anticlinal areas. Anticlines were later broken by northwest-vergent thrusts and subsequently developed into fault-propagation folds during décollement from the basement and northwestward translation. The model assumes no faulting in the pre-Mesozoic basement and no hidden flat-ramp tectonics in the subsurface in order to account for structurally high positions. As a consequence, the modelled cumulative, post-deformation thickness of Triassic strata locally exceeds 1500 m, which we find in accordance with regional observations. From the geological 3D model, new cross-sections in any desired orientation and tectonic thickness variations of the layers can be extracted. The three output cross-sections presented are in excellent agreement with published reflection seismic data. The most important features of our model are (1) large thickness variations due to lateral flow of evaporites, and (2) new and plausible explanation of structural highs in terms of accumulation of Triassic strata by lateral flow. 相似文献
32.
Compositional multiphase flow is considered to be one of the fundamental physical processes in the field of water resources research. The strong nonlinearity and discontinuity emerging from phase transition phenomena pose a serious challenge for numerical modeling. Recently, Lauser et al. (Adv Water Resour 34(8):957–966, 2011) have proposed a numerical scheme, namely the nonlinear complementary problem (NCP), to handle this strong nonlinearity. In this work, the NCP is implemented at both local and global levels of a finite element algorithm. In the former case, the NCP is integrated into the local thermodynamic equilibrium calculation, while in the latter one, it is formulated as one of the governing equations. The two different formulations have been investigated through three well-established benchmarks and analyzed for their efficiency and robustness. It is found that both globally and locally implemented NCP formulations are numerically more efficient and robust in comparison with traditional primary variable switching approach. In homogeneous media, the globally implemented NCP formulation leads to an approximately 20% faster simulation compared to the local NCP. This is because a nested Newton iteration for the local phase state identification can be avoided, and thus, the overall computational resources are saved accordingly. However, for problems involving strongly heterogeneous media, the locally integrated NCP formulation suppresses numerical oscillations and delivers more accurate and robust results, especially at the phase boundary. 相似文献
33.
H. M. Helmy C. Ballhaus R. O. C. Fonseca T. J. Nagel 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2013,166(6):1725-1737
Experimentally derived phase relations of arsenide in sulfide melt are presented to quantify the fractionation paths of As-bearing sulfide melts. When a natural sulfide melt reaches arsenide saturation, a separate Ni–PGE-rich arsenide melt exsolves. The arsenic saturation concentration in an Fe–Ni–Cu sulfide melt is between 0.5 and 1.5 wt%. The affinities of the chalcophile metals for an immiscible arsenide melt follow the order Pt > Pd > Ni ? Fe ≈ Cu. In natural systems, arsenide exsolution will be triggered by the activity of the nickel arsenide components dissolved in sulfide melt, Ni being the most common base metal with strong affinity to the Asn? anionic species. Arsenic may have a major effect on the fractionation paths of sulfide melts even if no separate arsenide phase forms. Arsenic, and probably many other chalcogens and metalloids in magmatic melts, may undergo associations with Pt and Pd well before discrete PGE minerals become stable phases. 相似文献
34.
Prof. Dr. G. Haase Dr. L. Händel Dr. Chr. Nagel Dr. Chr. Opp Dr. R. Zierath 《GeoJournal》1990,22(2):153-165
Problems of landscape and resource protection resulting from the intensification of land-use can be mastered only by intersectoral planning and a land management considering (landscape-)ecological principles right from the beginning. In the district of Leipzig ecological studies in the '80ies have focussed on:
- Determination of the regional pattern of atmospheric immissions;
- Registration of heavy metals in soil and vegetation;
- Soil compaction, soil erosion;
- Study of stress indicators in the aeration zone and in the top-most aquifer in order to examine barrier effects in the percolation process.
35.
The space erosion of stony meteorites has been determined to be 650μm 106y?1, while that of iron meteorites has been determined to be 22 μm 106y?1. The erosion rates are based on flux and size distributions of small particles in the solar system, meteoroid orbitals and the relation, determined by laboratory experiments, between excavated volume due to a collision and the size and velocity of the impacting small particle. Neither multiple collision or space erosion can explain the difference in cosmic ray exposure ages based on and those based on . It is concluded that there is a long term cosmic ray variation. 相似文献
36.
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38.
Timing of high-pressure metamorphic events in the Bulgarian Rhodopes from Lu–Hf garnet geochronology
M.?KirchenbaurEmail author J.?Pleuger S.?Jahn-Awe T.?J.?Nagel N.?Froitzheim R.?O.?C.?Fonseca C.?Münker 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2012,163(5):897-921
Within the Mediterranean realm, the Rhodopes represent a nappe stack of oceanic and continental fragments assembled along
the Eurasian continental margin during the Alpine orogeny. The timing of the high-pressure (HP) metamorphism has long been
ambiguous, lacking detailed geochronological and geochemical control on subduction-exhumation and nappe stacking processes.
Here we apply the Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd chronometers to a suite of representative eclogite samples covering two different key units
of the Rhodopean nappe stack: (1) the Kimi Complex (Upper Allochthon) and (2) the Middle Allochthon. In addition to geochronology,
we also determined whole rock Hf and Nd isotope compositions as well as major and trace element concentrations in order to
constrain the nature of the eclogite protoliths. Two HP metamorphic events were revealed by Lu–Hf geochronology: (1) a Lower
Cretaceous event in the Upper Allochthon (126.0 ± 1.7 Ma) and (2) an Eocene event in the Middle Allochthon (44.6 ± 0.7 Ma;
43.5 ± 0.4 Ma; 42.8 ± 0.5 Ma), at conditions of ca. 700°C/20–25 kbar. Our new data provide direct evidence for multiple subduction
events in the Rhodopes. Exhumation and subsequent thrusting of the Middle Allochthon on the Lower Allochthon can be narrowed
down to the time span between 42 and 34 Ma. In a broader tectonic context, the Eocene ages for the HP metamorphism support
the view that the Rhodopes represent a large-scale tectonic window, exposing the deepest nappe units of the Hellenides. 相似文献
39.
Nikolaus Froitzheim Sebastian Weber Thorsten J. Nagel Tobias Ibele Heinz Furrer 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2012,101(5):1315-1329
The Triassic to Cretaceous sediment succession of the Lechtal Nappe in the western part of the Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA) has been deformed into large-scale folds and crosscut by thrust and extensional faults during Late Cretaceous (Eoalpine) and Tertiary orogenic processes. The following sequence of deformation is developed from overprinting relations in the field: (D1) NW-vergent folds related to thrusting; (D2) N–S shortening leading to east–west-trending folds and to the formation of a steep belt (Arlberg Steep Zone) along the southern border of the NCA; (D3) E–W to NE–SW extension and vertical shortening, leading to low-angle normal faulting and recumbent “collapse folds” like the Wildberg Syncline. D1 and D2 are Cretaceous in age and predate the Eocene emplacement of the Austroalpine on the Penninic Nappes along the Austroalpine basal thrust; the same is probably true for D3. Finally, the basal thrust was deformed by folds related to out-of-sequence thrusting. These results suggest that the NCA were at least partly in a state of extension during the sedimentation of the Gosau Group in the Late Cretaceous. 相似文献
40.
Sonja Schuh Roberto Silvotti Ronny Lutz Björn Loeptien Elizabeth M. Green Roy H. Østensen Silvio Leccia Seung-Lee Kim Gilles Fontaine Stéphane Charpinet Myriam Francœur Suzanna Randall Cristina Rodríguez-López Valerie van Grootel Andrew P. Odell Margit Paparó Zsófia Bognár Péter Pápics Thorsten Nagel Benjamin Beeck Markus Hundertmark Thorsten Stahn Stefan Dreizler Frederic V. Hessman Massimo Dall’Ora Dario Mancini Fausto Cortecchia Serena Benatti Riccardo Claudi Rimvydas Janulis 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2010,329(1-2):231-242
In 2007, a companion with planetary mass was found around the pulsating subdwarf B star V391 Pegasi with the timing method, indicating that a previously undiscovered population of substellar companions to apparently single subdwarf B stars might exist. Following this serendipitous discovery, the EXOTIME (http://www.na.astro.it/~silvotti/exotime/) monitoring program has been set up to follow the pulsations of a number of selected rapidly pulsating subdwarf B stars on time scales of several years with two immediate observational goals:
- determine $\dot{P}$ of the pulsational periods P
- search for signatures of substellar companions in O–C residuals due to periodic light travel time variations, which would be tracking the central star’s companion-induced wobble around the centre of mass