夜间灯光数据下的青岛市城乡结合区空间扩张与内在关联测度

以青岛市城乡结合区为研究对象,利用NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光数据总量表征区域综合质量,通过修正引力模型测算2017-2019年城乡结合区内在关联度,分析空间联系综合强度和社会经济区位度时空演变趋势.实验结果表明:1)2017-2019年青岛市城乡结合区面积增长25.56％,土地集聚效率提高,协同发展程度增强,总体上西部...     

Chemical degradation characteristics of reinforced concrete reefs in South Korea

The chemical degradation characteristics of reinforced concrete reefs, which had been fully immersed in Tongyeong waters of South Korea for 18–25 years, were studied. In order to investigate the marine environmental impact on the concrete reefs, environmental factors, for example pH, have been observed between 1997 and 2002. Then, four reinforced concrete reefs recovered from different sites in Tongyeong waters were nondestructively tested. Finally, those test results were analyzed to determine the chemical deterioration. Based on the test results, it is shown that the reinforced concrete reefs have sound chemical properties and their originally estimated service life is secure enough for a further service period in water depths of 28–32 m. A concrete cover depth of 40 mm is recommended for the design of reinforced concrete reefs to achieve safety in marine environments and special events occurring during installation and construction.     

Essential properties of Boussinesq equations for internal and surface waves in a two-fluid system

Boussinesq equations describing motions of internal waves in a two-fluid system with the presence of free surface are theoretically derived, and the associated essential properties are examined in this study. Eliminating the dependence on the vertical coordinate from all variables, four equations constitute the Boussinesq model with two flexible parameters, z_u and z_l, which indicate the specific elevations, respectively, in the upper and lower fluids. Similar to the Boussinesq model for a single-layer fluid, z_u and z_l are determined by matching the linear dispersion relation with Lamb's solution. This determines the optimal model. In the analysis stage, this problem is classified into two cases, the thicker-upper-layer case and the thicker-lower-case case, to avoid the possible divergence of wave properties as the thickness ratio grows. Since there exist two modes of motions that may be excited, cases of both modes are separately analyzed. Linear characteristics including the amplitude ratios and normalized particle velocities are analyzed. Second-order harmonic waves are examined to validate nonlinear behaviors of present model. Results of linear and nonlinear investigations show that the present model indeed extends the applicable range of traditional Boussinesq equations.     

小城镇建设的模式选择与布局

随着经济的发展我国城市建设的发展日益繁荣,其中小城镇建设问题尤显突出,因而其模式选择与布局统一规划,应注重生态和环境保护,培养自身独特的文化特色等方面,使小城镇建设朝着健康的方向发展。     

基于SCTP-RF算法的甘肃省短期定量降水客观预报方法研究

基于欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的精细化数值预报产品、中国气象局下发的降水指导产品(TP_CMA)及甘肃省340个气象站点降水实况数据,利用泰森多边形与K-means空间聚类方法(spatial cluster and Tyson polygon, SCTP),对2017—2019年4—9月甘肃省340站降水资料进行客观分区。在此基础上,采用随机森林算法(random forest, RF),筛选出与降水相关的物理量因子构建模型,开展甘肃省短期定量降水客观预报订正试验,并进行预报效果检验。结果表明：(1)甘肃省4—9月降水客观分区依次为7、6、14、13、14和11个。(2)就晴雨预报而言,SCTP-RF订正产品对甘肃省汛期的晴雨预报能力较TP_CMA指导产品和ECMWF模式产品有一定提升,提升幅度分别为6.1%、4.2%;在空间上,SCTP-RF算法对甘肃省340站的晴雨预报均具有一定的订正能力,大部分站点晴雨预报准确率提升了5%,特别是河东地区。(3)在分级降水预报中,SCTP-RF订正产品对中雨和大雨的预报能力均优于TP_C<...     

都市旅游视角下上海市共享住宿空间分布特征及其影响机制

随着共享经济蓬勃发展,依托互联网平台的共享住宿业态也逐渐成熟,对社会经济发展产生了深刻影响.在都市和乡村共享住宿市场分异背景下,已有研究集中探讨了乡村民宿空间分布特征及影响因素,但对都市地区共享住宿分布特征的探讨有所忽视.都市地区共享住宿与以观光、购物、文化体验等为特征的都市旅游活动关联密切.论文基于途家网的上海共享住...     

往返平飘式探空在CMA-MESO三维变分中的同化及对模式预报的影响

往返平飘式探空通过一次探空气球施放实现“上升段-平飘段-下降段”三段观测,其下降段能实现在06时(世界时,下同)和18时自动垂直加密观测大气,具备提升区域高分辨率快速同化循环预报系统在06时和18时的预报技巧潜力。为了实现往返平飘式探空在区域高分辨率模式中的同化,分析其对预报的影响,初步提出了“选取模式层最接近观测”的垂直稀疏化方法来预处理资料,深入分析了稀疏化对同化效果的影响,论证了资料垂直稀疏化对于同化应用的必要性;在此基础上,开展了为期1个月的批量同化影响试验,着重分析了往返平飘式探空在长江中下游区域的组网观测对CMA-MESO模式预报技巧的影响。稀疏化敏感性试验结果表明,同化不稀疏化的往返平飘式探空相比同化传统业务探空,分析和预报误差显著增加,降水预报评分也显著降低,相反,“选取最接近模式层”数据的垂直稀疏化方案能提高模式的分析和预报技巧,表明往返平飘式探空同化前必须进行垂直稀疏化。批量同化试验结果表明,在冷启动时刻(00时和12时,为常规探空释放时刻),同化往返平飘式探空(上升段)相对同化传统业务探空,分析误差和预报误差变化较小。但在暖启动时刻(03、06、09、15、18、...     

Evaluating changes in ecological land and effect of protecting important ecological spaces in China

It is important to quantitatively analyze the effects of protection of important eco-logical spaces in China to ensure national ecological security.By considering changes in the ecological land,this study examines the effects of protecting three types of important natural ecological spaces in China from 1980 to 2018.Moreover,considering important ecological spaces and their surroundings yields differences in the effects of protection between internal and external spaces,where this can provide a scientific basis for the categorization and zoning of China's land.The results show the following:(1)In 2018,the ratio of ecological land to important natural ecological spaces accounted for 92.64％.This land had a good ecological background that reflects the developmental orientation of important ecological spaces.(2)From 1980 to 2018,the area of ecological land in important ecological spaces shrank but the rate of reduction was lower than the national average,which shows the positive effect of regulating construction in natural ecological spaces.The restorative effects of ecological projects to convert farmland into forests and grasslands have been prominent.The expanded ecological land is mainly distributed in areas where such projects have been implemented,and the reduced area is concentrated in grain-producing areas of the Northeast China Plain and agricultural oases of Xinjiang.In the future,the government should focus on strength-ening the management and control of these areas.(3)The area ratio of ecological land was the highest in national nature reserves.The rate of reduction in its area was the lowest and the trend of reduction was the smallest in national nature reserves,which reflects differences in the status of ecological protection among different spaces.(4)The ratio of ecological land to important ecological spaces was higher than that in the surrounding external space,and the rate of reduction in it was lower.Thus,the effects of internal and external protection had clear differences in terms of gradient.     

北京奥运赛期温、湿、风、云、雨的气候信息分析

分析北京城近郊区奥运会赛场临近的气象台站(南郊观象台、朝阳站、海淀站、丰台站、石景山站)1995～2004年10年8月的气温、相对湿度、风向风速、低云量、降水量等5个气象要素的气候变化,结果表明:1)19～22日有2次阴雨天气过程,气温下降幅度较大;2)5个台站的主导风向是S-SE,逐日平均风速的峰值出现在16时(北京时间),其值为2.0～3.1m.s-1;3)白天各雨量等级合计≥35%的频率出现5天;4)奥运会开幕时间(2008年8月8日20时),晴天到少云的频率占90%,阴天为10%,无雨为80%。这种气候特点为奥运会组委会、参赛运动员和观众提供了赛场环境5个气象要素的日变化规律。同时,对于奥运会的短期气象服务也有一定的参考价值。     

2008年奥运会期间北京城区地面风场的分析

2008年8月8～24日北京奥运会期间,正逢中国24节气中的"立秋"。为探讨风向风速的气候变化规律,把北京城市划分成9个区域,利用9个区域中自动气象站连续监测的逐时最大风向风速数据样本,将360°风向划分为8个方位的风向,统计出该时段北京城市9个区域8个方位风向风速的气候特征:北风频率增大,南风频率减小;最大风速的风向频率日变化呈双峰型;平均最大风速的日变化,夜间维持低谷值,15～17时出现峰值。由此可见,研究"立秋"北京的风场气候特点,对于体育比赛运动、改善生活环境和城市建设等具有科学的指导意义。