Dusky dolphin movement patterns: short-term effects of tourism

Cetacean-oriented tourism has experienced rapid growth in the last two decades, accompanied by increasing concerns about the effects of tourism on target species. Here, we used shore-based observations of dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) groups near Kaikoura, New Zealand, and generalised additive models to quantify changes in group speed, reorientation and linearity relative to natural and anthropogenic factors. Summer months were characterised by slower speeds and more changes in direction than winter months. Group speeds were higher at the beginning and end of the day, with slower speeds at midday. Speeds were slower when vessels were present, and dolphin groups changed direction more often when aircraft circled overhead. Effects were positively correlated with number of vessels present within 300 m. Short-term changes have potential to lead to long-term impacts, and further acoustic and energetic studies are proposed to elucidate whether these effects are likely to reduce individual fitness.     

Observing the reconnection region in a transequatorial loop system

A vertical current sheet is a crucial element in many flare/coronal mass ejection (CME) models. For the first time, Liu et al. reported a vertical current sheet directly imaged during the flare rising phase with the EUV Imaging Telescope (EIT) onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). As a follow-up study, here we present the comprehensive analysis and detailed physical interpretation of the observation. The current sheet formed due to the gradual rise of a transequatorial loop system. As the l...     

The Nimbus-4 Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) atmospheric ozone experiment — tow years' operation

Summary In April 1970 the Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) experiment was placed into orbit aboard the Nimbus-4 satellite. This double monochromator experiment measures ultraviolet terrestrial radiance at twelve discrete wavelengths between 2550 Å and 3400 Å. Approximately 100 scans covering a 230 km square are made between terminator crossings on the daylight side of the earth. A colinear photometer channel with the same field of view is used to derive the Lambert reflectivity of the lower boundary of the scattering atmosphere. The extraterrestrial solar irradiance is measured at the northern terminator. The instrument has currently produced almost three years of nearly continuous data which are being used to infer the high-level ozone distribution and total ozone on a global basis. The high-level ozone data have been verified by independent coincident rocket ozone soundings, and the total ozone values show good agreement with Dobson spectrophotometer determinations as well as those made with the Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer also on Nimbus-4. An increase has been observed in equatorial radiance at 2550 Å relative to 2900 Å, which seems to indicate that the amount of ozone in the upper stratosphere is related to the eleven-year solar cycle.     

On the relationship between global radiation and cloudiness at ocean station P

Summary Measurements of the global radiation on the CCGS St. Catharines during the period January 1959 to August 1961 are related to average daytime cloudiness by regression techniques. The regression equations are presented and evidence for increased depletion by clouds at low sun-heights is discussed. The effects of visibility and precipitation are indicated.

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Zusammenfassung Messungen der Globalsstrahlung auf dem Ozean-Wetterschiff P während der Periode von Januar 1959 bis August 1961 werden mittels Regressionsformeln in Beziehung zur mittleren Tagesbewölkung gesetzt. Die Regressionsgleichungen werden aufgestellt und die Beweise für eine gesteigerte Streuung durch Wolken und tiefen Sonnenstand diskutiert. Auf die Wirkungen der Sichtweite und des Niederschlags wird hingewiesen.

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Résumé On recherche au moyen des formules de régression la relation existant entre la nébulosité journalière moyenne et la radiation globale. On se base pour cela sur des mesures effectuées de janvier 1959 à août 1961 à bord du bateau météorologique P. On établit tout d'abord les formules de régression, puis on discute les preuves apportées au fait que la dispersion de cette relation augmente par forte nébulosité ou par un soleil bas sur l'horizon. On mentionne également l'influence de la visibilité et des précipitations sur le dit rapport.

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With 6 Figures

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Published by permission of the Director, Meteorological Branch, department of Transport, Toronto, Canada.