核幔成矿物质与地幔热柱多级演化成矿

研究认为金等成矿物质主要来自核-幔源区,以气态-气液混合态、含矿流体的形式,通过地幔热柱→地幔亚热柱→幔枝构造→有利构造扩容带,迁移到幔枝构造外围的韧脆性剪切带、侵入岩体的内、外接触带、各种脉岩与围岩的接触带等有利部位集聚成矿,并构成矿田→矿床→矿体(脉)的有序排列组合,表现出不同的矿床类型。因此,应侧重研究构造成矿控矿作用,以指导新一轮地质找矿和矿产资源评价。文中还举例分析了胶西北焦家断裂与三山岛断裂的交切关系及其控矿作用。     

多水平/尺度的驱动力变化与沙漠化之间的关系——以内蒙古乌审旗为例

沙漠化是土地退化形式之一,它是自然因素和人类活动相互作用的结果。本文以内蒙古乌审旗为研究区,在多种空间数据基础上,基于等级理论,使用多水平统计模型构建了从局地到区域的模型,揭示不同尺度的影响因素与该地区沙漠化的关系。对遥感影像的分析表明该地区1977—2007年沙漠化扩展的趋势减缓并逆转;多水平统计模型分析表明,多尺度的驱动因素可以解释该地区近30年的沙漠化变化,特别是政策因素对该地区沙漠化逆转影响较大。本研究可为乌审旗及类似地区沙漠化变化机理研究提供参考。     

中国沿海地区近20年台风灾害风险评价

依据自然灾害系统理论,综合考虑致灾因子和承灾体特征,提出台风灾害风险评价方法。在GIS环境下对中国沿海地区台风灾害危险性、脆弱性和风险进行分析评价。评价结果显示:海南省、上海市和广东省、福建省、浙江省的沿海区域台风灾害危险性较高;北京市、天津市、上海市和江苏省、山东省的大部分地区及广东省、福建省、浙江省、河北省的沿海区域承灾体脆弱性较高;海南省、上海市和广东省、福建省、浙江省的沿海区域台风灾害风险较高;而北京市、天津市以及河北省、辽宁省和山东省的大部分区域台风灾害风险较低。     

HDPE蜂巢式固沙障研制与防沙效应实验研究

 采用先进的HDPE新材料制成蜂巢式固沙障来替代传统的草方格。研究发现:HDPE蜂巢式固沙障可以增大下垫面的粗糙度,明显降低了地表底层风速,进而减弱输沙强度,使流沙表面得以稳定。在格状沙障内,由于气流的涡旋作用,使原始沙面充分蚀积,最后达到平衡状态,形成稳定的凹曲面。下凹的深度(h)与凹面玄长(S)的比值为13.6/100~13.2/100,这种下凹的深度(h)与凹面玄长(S)的比值与传统有效的草方格（草方格为13.3/100）防沙效应相当,其二者流场特性也相同。这种稳定的凹曲面,对不饱和风沙流具一种升力效应,形成沙物质的非堆积搬运条件,这是格状沙障作用的关键。实验表明,选用孔隙度为40％、高20 cm的HDPE固沙障防沙效果显著。     

Cold events of Holocene indicated by primary elements distribution of the high-resolution sand dunes in the Salawusu River Valley

The components of the primary elements in the dune sands for the MGS1 subsec-tion of the Milanggouwan section in the Salawusu River valley, compared with those of mod-ern dune sands, show that they were caused by East Asian winter monsoon in the Mu Us desert during Holocene. The examined ages for the 11 layers of dune sands, based on the average sedimentary rate, are: 0 to 960, 1350–2240, 2470 to 3530, 4000 to 4180, 4290 to 4350, 4380 to 4760, 5040 to 5920, 6570 to 8270, 9020 to 9700, 9880 to 10160 and 10580 to 11080 a BP, respectively. The climatic events indicated by these dune sands are consistent with those records in the Huguangyan volcanic lake, Zoige peat bog, Hulu cave and Dunde ice core, particularly with the climatic fluctuations of the North Atlantic since 11 000 a BP. Among them, patterns from B0 to B8 correspond to the peak values of 0MD, 2D, 4D, 6D+8D+10D, 12D, 14D, 16D, 18D and 20D respectively. It might be caused by the North Atlantic ice age induced by the heat circulation, which strengthened the polar high pressure and Siberian-Mongolian high pressure and further led to the dominance of the winter mon-soon over China’s desert area.     

Spatial and temporal variations of vegetation in Qinghai Province based on satellite data

This paper used five years (2001-2006) time series of MODIS NDVI images with a 1-km spatial resolution to produce a land cover map of Qinghai Province in China. A classi-fication approach for different land cover types with special emphasis on vegetation, espe-cially on sparse vegetation, was developed which synthesized Decision Tree Classification, Supervised Classification and Unsupervised Classification. The spatial distribution and dy-namic change of vegetation cover in Qinghai from 2001 to 2006 were analyzed based on the land cover classification map and five grade elevation belts derived from Qinghai DEM. The result shows that vegetation cover in Qinghai in recent five years has been some improved and the area of vegetation was increased from 370,047 km2 in 2001 to 374,576 km2 in 2006. Meanwhile, vegetation cover ratio was increased by 0.63%. Vegetation cover ratio in high mountain belt is the largest (67.92%) among the five grade elevation belts in Qinghai Prov-ince. The second largest vegetation cover ratio is in middle mountain belt (61.80%). Next, in the order of the decreasing vegetation cover ratio, the remaining grades are extreme high mountain belt (38.98%), low mountain belt (25.55%) and flat region belt (15.46%). The area of middle density grassland in high mountain belt is the biggest (94,003 km2), and vegetation cover ratio of dense grassland in middle mountain belt is the highest (32.62%), and the in-creased area of dense grassland in high mountain belt is the greatest (1280 km2). In recent five years the conversion from sparse grass to middle density grass in high mountain belt has been the largest vegetation cover variation and the converted area is 15931 km2.     

Chronology of the Holocene loess-paleosol section and its deposition and pedogenesis on the south of Chinese Loess Plateau

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating for polymineral fine-grained loess samples, collected in Laoguantai (LGT) section on the south of the Chinese Loess Plateau, was made by application of single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol. A ‘Double-SAR’ procedure in which aliquots are subjected to both infrared (IR) and blue stimulations was used, and two sets of equivalent dose (De) determinations were produced and assumed to relate predominantly to feldspathic and quartz fine grain populations respectively. The OSL ages estimated from IRSL signals are smaller than those estimated from [post-IR] OSL signals due to the anomalous fading of feldspar IR signals, based on fading experiment. The young ages of the samples near ground surface may be originated from the post-depositional disturbance by the intensifying humanity’s cultivation since 3.0 ka BP in the Guanzhong Basin, south of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Based on OSL dating, as well as field observations and stratigraphic correlation, we determine the chronology of the LGT loess-paleosol sequence. In combination with climate proxy records, it is indicated that aeolian loess deposition and pedogenesis underwent polyphase changes during the Holocene, likely to have been driven by shifts in the East Asian monsoon. This suggests that aeolian loess deposition is episodic and highly variable, with contributions from non-aeolian processes such as alluvial deposition found in the area.     

基于工业CT力学实验平台的建立及应用

将工业CT与数字体图像相关法相结合测量物体内部三维变形及应变已发展成为一种新的实验力学方法。本文介绍基于工业CT,自行研制的加载装置和数字体图像相关法(DVC)建立起的力学实验平台,该平台包括基本原理模块、数字虚拟实验模块、原位加载扫描实验模块、变形计算模块和结果输出模块,可以实现单轴压缩、三点弯曲、四点弯曲、点加载及拉伸实验试件内部三维变形场的测量。针对岩石材料与复合材料介绍该平台的应用。      

冻结盐渍砂土单轴强度特性研究

通过对兰州盐渍砂土重塑土添加不同量的盐分来模拟不同含盐量的盐渍土, 并对其进行单轴抗压试验, 分析其在不同含盐量、不同温度及不同速率的应变加载情况下, 冻结盐渍砂土的单轴抗压强度的变化规律, 重点讨论了盐分对土体力学参数的影响以及弹性模量与含盐量、温度的关系. 结果表明: 易溶盐含量的增加会导致单轴抗压强度逐渐降低, 试验温度越低抗压强度会越大; 应变加载速率的增加会增大土体的单轴抗压强度, 同时会缩短土体达到应力峰值的时间; 土体含盐量越大弹性模量越小, 温度越低弹性模量越大.     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7段致密砂体重力流沉积模拟实验研究

致密砂岩目前已成为中国油气勘探开发的重点领域。以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7段为代表的典型致密砂岩主要发育辫状河三角洲和重力流沉积砂体,其中重力流沉积砂体具有很大的勘探开发潜力。在区域构造、古气候、古地貌和沉积体系等研究基础上,应用沉积模拟技术,再现了研究区长7段重力流沉积砂体形成过程及其主要控制因素,在实验条件下,半深湖深湖区的沉积微相类型主要包括砂质碎屑流、浊积岩、深湖泥等。实验研究表明,影响重力流沉积砂体的形成及其演化的主要控制因素有：(1)泥砂含量决定了重力流的沉积类型;(2)湖盆底形控制重力流的砂体展布;(3)湖水位及流速决定重力流的沉积厚度及规模;(4)多物源交汇决定重力流的横向连通。并通过实验结果对比分析,预测了有利储集层分布区域。综合陇东地区原始地质模型和实验模拟成果,建立了沉积模拟实验条件下陇东地区三叠系长7段沉积模式。