Contribution to the Global Warming Mitigation of Marshlands Conversion to Croplands in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

Based on the estimation of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and carbon sequestration of the total conversion of marshlands (TMC), marshlands conversion to paddy fields (MCPFs) and marshlands conversion to uplands (MCULs), this study revealed the contribution to the global warming mitigation (CGWM) of paddy fields versus uplands converted from marshlands in the Sanjiang Plain (excluding the Muling‐Xingkai Plain on south of Wanda Mountain), Heilongjiang Province, northeast China. The results showed that the total area of MCPFs and MCULs was 504.23 × 10³ ha between 1982 and 2005. The CGWM per unit area was 45.53 t CO₂eq/ha for MCPFs and that was 23.95 t CO₂eq/ha for MCULs, with an obvious 47.40% reduction. The MCPFs and MCULs ecosystems acted as the carbon sink all of the year. As far as CGWM per unit area is concerned, MCPFs mitigated the greenhouse effect which was greater than MCULs. And it was effective that the implementation of the uplands transformed into paddy fields in Northeast China with regard to marshlands protection and croplands (including paddy fields and uplands) reclamation.     

Stability analysis of slope in strain-softening soils using local arc-length solution scheme

Soils with strain-softening behavior — manifesting as a reduction of strength with increasing plastic strain — are commonly found in the natural environment. For slopes in these soils,a progressive failure mechanism can occur due to a reduction of strength with increasing strain. Finite element method based numerical approaches have been widely performed for simulating such failure mechanism,owning to their ability for tracing the formation and development of the localized shear strain. However,the reliability of the currently used approaches are often affected by poor convergence or significant mesh-dependency,and their applicability is limited by the use of complicated soil models. This paper aims to overcome these limitations by developing a finite element approach using a local arc-length controlled iterative algorithm as the solution strategy. In the proposed finite element approach,the soils are simulated with an elastoplastic constitutive model in conjunction with the Mohr-Coulomb yield function. The strain-softening behavior is represented by a piece-wise linearrelationship between the Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters and the deviatoric plastic strain. To assess the reliability of the proposed finite element approach,comparisons of the numerical solutions obtained by different finite element methods and meshes with various qualities are presented. Moreover,a landslide triggered by excavation in a real expressway construction project is analyzed by the presented finite element approach to demonstrate its applicability for practical engineering problems.     

高压密闭消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海洋沉积物中稀土元素

样品用HNO3-HF高压密闭消解,电感耦合等离子体质谱测定海洋沉积物中15种稀土元素。研究了消解方法、酸体系和质谱干扰对稀土元素测定的影响。结果表明,相比于电热板消解和微波消解,高压密闭消解具有酸用量少、消解完全、消解过程损失少等优点;HNO3-HF体系能有效地分解海洋沉积物样品;利用干扰离子校正方程,能有效地校正Ba和轻稀土元素所形成的多原子离子干扰。15种稀土元素的方法检出限为3～15 ng/g。使用水系沉积物标准物质GBW 07309和GBW 07311、海底沉积物标准物质GBW 07313进行验证,测定值与标准值基本吻合,相对标准偏差和相对误差均低于5%。方法用于长江口沉积物样品的测定,精密度(RSD,n=6)小于5%,加标回收率为95.8%～104%。该方法检出限低,精密度和准确度高,适用于大批海洋沉积物样品的分析。     

淮河洪水的可公度性分析

分析了上两个世纪发生在淮河的洪水事件的可公度性，根据其可公度值及其黄金分割点指出1991年与2003年淮河洪水的不可避免，最后讨论了可公度性的局限及淮河洪水可公度值的可能机制。     

四川广元上寺剖面长兴阶放射虫动物群演变及控制因素

对四川广元上寺剖面大隆组的放射虫动物群进行了详细的鉴定和丰度、分异度的统计。发现该放射虫动物群丰度和分异度均较低,以泡沫虫和内射虫为主,含少量十字多囊虫的分子;其丰度和分异度与长兴期海平面变化具有很好的耦合关系:放射虫丰度、分异度较大的层位对应于长兴早期和长兴晚期两次最大海侵事件发生的层位。相对长兴晚期而言,长兴早期放射虫的丰度和分异度较大,这与长兴早期水体相对较深有关。此外,有孔虫与放射虫丰度变化呈现很好的负相关性,这与它们不同的生活习性和水深的变化有关。分析表明:水深的变化是上寺剖面放射虫动物群演变的主要控制因素。     

Photosynthetic efficiency, cell volume, and elemental stoichiometric ratios in Thalassirosira weissflogii under phosphorus limitation

Nutrient limitation is known to inhibit growth and metabolism and to alter elemental stoichiometric ratios in phytoplankton. In this study, physiological changes in Thalassirosira weissflogii were measured under different dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) regimes in semi-continuous cultures to revisit the utility of the Redfield ratio for assessing nutrient limitation. The results showed that cell size increased with decreasing DIP availability. In the P-depleted treatment (f/2-P) the cell size was 1.48 times larger than that in the P-limited (f/100) treatment and 2.67 times larger than that in the P-saturated treatment (f/2 and f/10). The fucoxanthin to chlorophyll a ratio (Fuco/chl a) was relatively stable (about 0.3) in P-saturated cultures and was 10 times higher than that in P-limited and P-depleted cultures. During the experimental period, the photosynthetic efficiency index, ?F/Fm′, was relatively stable at ~0.50 in the P-saturated cultures, but quickly declined with decreasing DIP availability. Although cellular P content showed a significant difference between the P-saturated culture (1.6 pg/cell) and the P-limited culture (0.7 pg/cell), the N/P ratio in T. weissflogii did not show a trend with DIP availability and fluctuated slightly around 25. Our results suggest that cell division in T. weissflogii is not strictly size-gated but is probably regulated by a biochemical, and hence, an elemental stoichiometric ratio threshold, and that deviation of the cellular N/P ratio from the Redfield ratio is not a reliable indicator of algal nutrient stress.     

赣北修武地区下寒武统黑色岩系地球化学特征与沉积环境判别

通过野外地质调查、常量及微量地球化学分析等方法,初步查明修武地区下寒武统黑色岩系尤其是石煤中富集钒铀等多金属元素;稀土特征为轻稀土相对富集,轻重稀土分馏程度较高,Ce、Eu均为负异常;黑色岩系是在大陆边缘沉积,沉积环境为干燥气候的还原环境,物源应为陆源和海底热水沉积物两者混合组成,且以陆源为主。     

垂直梯度法与最优分割法确定温跃层边界的比较分析

垂直梯度法是跃层示性特征计算中普遍使用的方法,但在某些情况下并不能很好地描述海洋要素的跃变特征.针对垂直梯度法的不足,引入水团分析中的最优分割法,对典型剖面,以及边界型、逆变型、多层型等几类特殊剖面的跃层边界分别进行了计算,并对垂直梯度法与垂直梯度法的计算结果进行了比较分析,结果表明最优分割法确定的跃层边界更为合理.通过对两种方法确定的中国近海温跃层的整体分布进行比较分析,证明了最优分割法能够弥补垂直梯度法在计算深海与浅海过渡区中的跃层时遇到的标准不匹配问题,较好地保持跃层的连续性.     

北京城市休闲商务区的时空分布特征与成因

城市休闲商务区（Recreational Business District, RBD）作为城市重要的游憩空间,为外来游客和城市居民提供休闲消费的场所,逐渐受到学界和业界重视。目前大多数研究还停留在概念层面,在分类、空间结构、分布规律、分异成因等方面上还缺乏一定的实证和定量研究。结合前人研究经验,重新定义RBD,并依据城市RBD的特征和属性将其分为大型购物中心、休闲商业街、城市休闲区三类。选取1990年、2000年、2014年三个时间截面对北京各类城市RBD点进行统计,采用基尼系数、空间插值、核密度分析、地理探测器等方法,结合ArcGIS软件,对北京城市RBD的时空分布特征和成因进行分析,得出以下结论：① 时序上看,北京城市RBD的数量和规模不断增加,增速变快,不同类型的RBD出现不同幅度的空间扩张;② 北京城市RBD的空间集聚程度不断加强,不同类型的RBD,存在一定的增幅和增速差异;③ 北京城市RBD的整体空间结构呈“单核聚集—双核发展—网状扩散”的发展模式;④ 城市RBD多选址在交通便利、临近旅游景区、居民和游客密度较高、地价相对较高的地区。⑤ 游客密度对各类型的城市RBD规模均有较大影响;对于不同类型的城市RBD,各因素对其规模的影响也有所不同。     

MODIS多光谱信息在海上溢油检测中的应用

利用搭载在EOS-Aqua/Terra卫星上的MODIS数据,对长江口溢油、委内瑞拉的马拉开波湖溢油等4次事故进行光谱分析和研究.在对出事海域的卫星数据进行图像处理的基础上,利用MODIS数据的多光谱信息,分析溢油在各个波段的特征,并确定油膜特征比较明显的波段范围,为可见光/近红外卫星监测溢油提供参考.