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911.
Dan Hammarlund Anson W. Mackay David M. J. Fallon Gemma Pateman Luisa C. Tavio Melanie J. Leng Neil L. Rose 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,39(4):463-475
Detailed stratigraphic analyses of sediments deposited in Lake Botjärnen, a small boreal forest lake in the shield terrain of central Sweden, clearly reflect progressively increasing human impact on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems following settlement and establishment of an iron industry in the 17th century. Rising frequencies of pollen and spores from light-demanding plants provide evidence of extensive forest clearance for charcoal and timber production, which peaked in the early 20th century. An associated increase in catchment erosion is reflected by changing carbon and nitrogen elemental content and carbon–isotope composition of sediment organic matter and by increased magnetic susceptibility of the sediments. Records of air-borne pollutants (lead, zinc and sulphur) can be correlated to the development of local and regional mining and metal industry as inferred from historical accounts. Rapid recession of the iron industry led to re-forestation and recovery of the aquatic nutrient status to pre-industrial conditions over the past 100 years. The chronology of the sediment succession, which is based on 210Pb and 137Cs radionuclide data in combination with radiocarbon dating, is confirmed by historical lead pollution trends established for the region. 相似文献
912.
Brent B. Wolfe Matthew D. Falcone Ken P. Clogg-Wright Cherie L. Mongeon Yi Yi Bronwyn E. Brock Natalie A. St. Amour William A. Mark Thomas W. D. Edwards 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,37(2):221-231
Recent advances in sample preparation techniques and mass spectrometry have fostered more routine oxygen isotope analysis
of aquatic cellulose in lake sediment cores, a proxy for lake water oxygen isotope history. These methodological developments
have significantly increased the feasibility of incorporating this approach into high-resolution, multi-site, and multi-proxy
studies, which are frequently necessary to answer complex hydrological, hydroecological and hydroclimatic questions requiring
a paleoenvironmental perspective. Direct translation of lake sediment aquatic cellulose oxygen isotope composition into lake
water oxygen isotope composition offers appreciable opportunity for quantitative paleohydrological reconstructions, as evidenced
by studies conducted over the past 15 years that span Holocene and pre-historical timescales. 相似文献
913.
K. W. Keatings I. Hawkes J. A. Holmes R. J. Flower M. J. Leng R. H. Abu-Zied A. R. Lord 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,38(2):261-283
The utility of ostracod-based palaeoenvironmental reconstruction was evaluated using instrumental data for Lake Qarun, Egypt.
The euryhaline ostracod Cyprideis torosa was the only species found in the lake’s recent sediment record. This species is known to tolerate salinity levels and water
solute compositions that may prevent colonisation by other species. Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios of ostracod carbonate
from lake sediments covary with changes in instrumental values for lake level and salinity for the period 1890–1974. δ13C-values correlate negatively with lake water salinity (r
2 = 0.87) and δ18O-values correlate negatively with measured lake level changes (r
2 = 0.41). Other ostracod proxy data provide qualitative information on lake level trends. Fossil assemblage data (juvenile/adult
and valve/carapace ratios and valve preservation) provide information on wave energy. Ecophenotypic variation of C. torosa valves provided some useful palaeolimnological information. Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios in ostracods were not found to reflect
water composition, due to the uncoupling of these ratios with salinity in Lake Qarun. Overall, our results highlight the need
to calibrate ostracod proxy data in modern systems prior to their use for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. 相似文献
914.
This study of fossils (pollen, plant macrofossils, stomata and fish) and sediments (lithostratigraphy and geochemistry) from
the Wendel site in North Dakota, USA, emphasizes the importance of considering ground-water hydrology when deciphering paleoclimate
signals from lakes in postglacial landscapes. The Wendel site was a paleolake from about 11,500 14C yr BP to 11,100 14C yr BP. Afterwards, the lake-level lowered until it became a prairie marsh by 9,300 14C yr BP and finally, at 8,500 14C yr BP, an ephemeral wetland as it is today. Meanwhile, the vegetation changed from a white spruce parkland (11,500 to 10,500
14C yr BP) to deciduous parkland, followed by grassland at 9,300 14C yr BP. The pattern and timing of these aquatic and terrestrial changes are similar to coeval kettle lake records from adjacent
uplands, providing a regional aridity signal. However, two local sources of ground water were identified from the fossil and
geochemical data, which mediated atmospheric inputs to the Wendel basin. First, the paleolake received water from the melting
of stagnant ice buried under local till for about 900 years after glacier recession. Later, Holocene droughts probably caused
the lower-elevation Wendel site to capture the ground water of up-gradient lakes. 相似文献
915.
North End Lake is a polluted and eutrophic freshwater system located in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Since the lake is expected
to be used for recreational/tourist purposes by 2010, a rehabilitation program will have to be designed. For this reason,
we retrieved a sediment core from the central region of the lake to decipher the effect of historical human impacts on the
water body. Pre-disturbance paleolimnological inferences indicate that the lake was likely mesotrophic. After ∼1831, when
sheep farming activities were undertaken in the catchment, increases in trophic state and changes in sediment composition
were observed. After ∼1937, increases in trace metal levels, organic matter, spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP) and changes
in sediment composition were recorded. The system became eutrophic as indicated by the dominance of the diatom Actinocyclus normanii, a cosmopolitan species often observed in systems where water quality has been dramatically degraded. The conditions worsened
after 1986 because of the construction of a storm-water retention system, which intentionally channeled storm-water runoff
into the lake. Because of this, extremely high values of fecal coliforms (i.e. 2 × 106 every 100 ml) have been measured in the water column. The paleolimnological information identified the sharp increase in
organic content in the uppermost section of the core, and this could be correlated to the operation of the storm-water retention
system. Therefore, as an immediate management measure, we suggest that the storm-water retention system should either no longer
be utilized, or the storm-water runoff should be treated before disposal into the lake. In addition, an effective sewage system
has to be constructed. 相似文献
916.
Geoscientific Information Systems (GIS) provide tools to quantitatively analyze and integrate spatially referenced information
from geological, geophysical, and geochemical surveys for decision-making processes. Excellent coverage of well-documented,
precise and good quality data enables testing of variable exploration models in an efficient and cost effective way with GIS
tools. Digital geoscientific data from the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) are being used widely as spatial evidence in
exploration targeting, that is ranking areas based on their exploration importance. In the last few years, spatial analysis
techniques including weights-of-evidence, logistic regression, and fuzzy logic, have been increasingly used in GTK’s mineral
exploration and geological mapping projects. Special emphasis has been put into the exploration for gold because of the excellent
data coverage within the prospective volcanic belts and because of the increased activity in gold exploration in Finland during
recent years. In this paper, we describe some successful case histories of using the weights-of-evidence method for the Au-potential
mapping. These projects have shown that, by using spatial modeling techniques, exploration targets can be generated by quantitatively
analyzing extensive amounts of data from various sources and to rank these target areas based on their exploration potential. 相似文献
917.
The physical significance of a negative correlation between a varve record from Mud Lake, British Columbia, and temperature
is discussed in the context of a process-network. The process-network is defined as the system of temporally and spatially
connected processes involved in the transfer of a signal from climate to varved glaciolacustrine sediment. The six systems
defining the network include climate, glacier, fluvial, geomorphic, terrestrial biologic and lacustrine systems to which each
process belongs. A literature review outlines significant variation in the strength and character of correlations between
components of the process-network and highlights that more comprehensive interpretations of varves as a hydroclimatic proxy
require an improved understanding of the process-network. Documenting each process in the network is integral to informing
a more complete model of this system, identifying processes that constitute signal transfer and assessing hydroclimatic proxies
based on linear correlation. Such documentation is of growing importance as varved lacustrine sediments are increasingly used
as a hydroclimatic proxy. The complex nature of the process-network requires greater emphasis on interdisciplinary cooperation
and alternative methods to the linear statistical model. 相似文献
918.
919.
H.V. Warren S.J. Horsky A. Kruckeberg G.H.N. Towers J.E. Armstrong 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1983,18(3):169-173
Summary of biogeochemical prospecting for mercury mineralization in the Pinchi Fault is given. One thousand two hundred and eight plant samples were collected and analyzed for mercury. In mineralized areas the typical mercury content of dried plants was not less than 0.2 and 0.4 μg/g and even concentrations between 0.6 and 1.6 μg/g were observed. In nonmineralized zones at least 90% of the plants contained no more than 0.15 μg/g of mercury. Analytical and sampling procedures are described. 相似文献
920.
The angular variation of elastic and inelastic scattering cross-sections has been calculated and used to study the energy deposition by precipitating electrons with the help of Monte Carlo Method. Monoenergetic, power law electron spectrum with isotropic and monodinational incidence starting at an altitude of 300 km have been used to obtain the angular and energy distributions at certain height intervals. In these calculations constant magnetic field has been used. 相似文献