Sedimentary humic substances in the northern Adriatic sea (Mediterranean sea)

Humic compounds were determined in sediments collected in an area of the Adriatic sea receiving fresh waters from the river Po. Sediment cores (10 cm) were sectioned into four layers which were analysed separately for redox potential (Eh), total phosphorus (TP), total organic carbon (TOC), humic (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) content. The structure of HA and FA was also investigated. The results showed that the TOC and TP content decreased from the coast to the open-sea stations. Humic and fulvic acid concentrations were also inversely correlated to the distance from the coast. Moreover, the humic and fulvic acids were closely correlated to the total organic content and to the total phosphorus content. The correlations found between humic substances (HS) and TOC and TP, respectively, could be explained both by an in situ formation due to the high content of nutrients and organic matter, and by a common source of HS, TOC and TP, namely the River Po discharge. The predominant presence of aliphatic carbon in the humic structures, the low degree of substitution and the high nitrogen content suggest that primarily humified compounds were formed in situ. Nevertheless, the River Po can act both as supplier of organic matter of which decomposition products lead to the formation of humic compound and as carrier of humified compounds.     

Seasonal changes in phosphatase activities in Toulon Bay (France)

We studied the characteristics of the phosphatase activity (Km and Vmax) in total seawater and in particulate material of the three main plankton classes (0.25-5, 5-90 and >90 microm) in a coastal marine ecosystem of Toulon Bay (French Mediterranean Sea). The measurement of the hydrolysis of sodium paranitrophenylphosphate (pNPP), a substrate of phosphatase, revealed low and high affinity components in unfiltered seawater and in particulate matter. In unfiltered seawater, the low affinity activity was predominant from October to March during phytoplankton development. The high affinity activity dominated from April to June and was significantly correlated with the bacterial abundances. The phosphatase behaviour in the particulate material differs from that in the unfiltered seawater. The activity of the three particulate classes was generally much lower than that of unfiltered seawater, particularly the low affinity activity. The >90 microm size fraction consisted in greater part of zooplankton. In this size class, the activity (nmol l(-1) h(-1)) of the low affinity component was predominant from May to August, when the abundance of the larvae of copepods (copepodites) was highest. Its high specific activity (Activity/Protein concentration as nmol l(-1) h(-1) microg(-1)) was particularly elevated during this period. The 5-90 microm fraction consisted of phytoplankton cells, especially Dinoflagellates. Between September and January, the activity (nmol l(-1) h(-1)) of this size class was mostly supported by the low affinity component. The specific activity (nmol l(-1) h(-1) microg(-1)) of the high affinity component was highest in June and August. No significant correlation was found between phosphatase activities and chlorophyll a or total cell abundance. In return temporary relationships with specific taxa exist in particular with Ceratium spp., Gymnodinium spp. and Protoperidinium spp. The contribution of the 0.25-5 microm size class exceeded rarely 20% of the total particulate activity. Between June and August, high specific activities (nmol l(-1) h(-1) microg(-1)) were observed for its high affinity component. In autumn, strong rainfall increased the phosphate and nitrate concentrations and led to a drop in salinity, which probably explains the low phosphatase activities (nmol l(-1) h(-1)) and cell densities observed during this period.     

地球科学新的优先考虑的问题：自然科学、工程学、经济学的联合和知识发展的必要性

文章从分析生命支持系统的基本组成着手,指出愈来愈多的人类活动促使大气中ＣＯ２、ＣＨ４、Ｈ２Ｏ、Ｎ２Ｏ…含量不断增加,气候变暖;水资源危机愈加严重;对土壤产出的要求越来越高;地质灾害对人类自身的冲击更加严重;能源和原材料更大程度的短缺;废物的排放量增大及生物变异等新问题和生物种类的新发现。对上述现象的深入研究或解决,均是地球科学优先和急于考虑的问题。而这需要大批高素质,既具自然科学、工程学、经济学,又具管理知识的人才,因而这些优先考虑问题的重中之重是教育。     

True polar wander in the Earth system

True polar wander(TPW), or planetary reorientation, is the rotation of solid Earth(crust and mantle) about the liquid outer core in order to stabilize Earth’s rotation due to mass redistribution. Although TPW is well-documented on Earth presently with satellites and for multiple planets and moons in the Solar System, the prevalence of TPW in Earth history remains contentious. Despite a history of controversy, both the physical plausibility of TPWon Earth and an empirical basis for it are now und...     

东亚地区地磁场的理论分析与矩谐模型

根据东亚地磁场三分量绝对测量资料,使用矩谐分析方法研究了东亚地区（北纬２０-７０,东径４０-１６０）的地磁异常场,计算出地磁异常的矩谐模型．据此模型编绘了Ｘ．ＹＺ三分量磁异常图．结果表明,在东亚的中心地区地磁异常的分布比较均匀,表现出区域特征．而在边界地区,特别是西南角和东南角一带,由于缺乏实测数据,边界效应很大．     

DEFORESTATION-A CAUSE FOR THE ECOLOGICAL DISASTER OF SOIL EROSION IN IMO STATE,SE NIGERIA

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ　Ｓｏｉｌｅｒｏｓｉｏｎｉｓａｎａｔｕｒａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｗｈｉｃｈｈａｓｂｅｅｎｉｎｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｅａｒｔｈ.Ｓｏｉｌｅｒｏｓｉｏｎｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓｂｏｔｈｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓ...     

浅部软弱层对走滑破裂引起的强地面运动影响的物理模型

报告了利用泡沫橡胶模拟浅部软弱层对走滑破裂引起的强地面运动影响的结果。走滑地震引起强地面运动的计算机模拟,有时与对断层浅部滑动特性的某些任意假设有关(如:断层面上部2km处的滑动固定为0)。断层滑动反演研究表明,走滑断层浅部的高频辐射通常低于断层深部。在多数情况下,(1)断层区上部几公里的断层可能较弱,不能维持地震高动能释放期间所要求的高水平的剪应力;(2)断层滑动可能具有不同的本构关系,例如,滑动强化。本文的目标是显示利用浅部软弱层进行物理模拟的结果,为假设断层浅部滑动引起长上升时间和高频脉冲降低提供物理基础。软弱区利用在泡沫橡胶模型中插入几英寸宽的软塑性层来模拟。软弱层长时间作用的强度比模型剩余部分低一个量级。瞬时速度强化的作用估计是动力滑动事件中滑动时的3倍。显示了沿走滑断层2km深的软弱区确实能降低浅部滑动的高频能量辐射,这种效果可以由在长得多的上升时间滑动突发时增加一较小幅值的短上升时间脉冲来描述。对15cm的软弱区,平均脉冲幅值降低了约4/10。对于20cm情形,降低了约2/10,30cm时降低了约1/10。根据这些结果可以看出,软弱层越厚,短上升时间加速度脉冲通过软弱层到达表层就越困难。软弱层速度强化特性进一步降低滑动运动和增长上升时间。在模拟研究中,如果已知断层浅部是软弱层或未储存大的剪应力,这些结果支持走滑断层浅部的高频辐射减少的结论。     

PROCESSES OF HEADCUT GROWTH AND MIGRATION IN RILLS AND GULLIES

lINTRoDUCTIONHeadcuterosionwithinrills,ephemeralguIlies,classicgullies,andstreamscausesseriousenvironmentalproblems.Headcuterosionacceleratesthelossoftopsoilanddecreasestheproductivityofagriculturallands.Erodedsedimentsoftenendupinreceivingstreams,causingwaterqualityproblemsandnegativelyimpactingbioIogicalprocesses.Inadditiontolandscapedegradation,gulliesarethedominantformofdamagetoearthspillways.lfagullycanmovethroughanearthspillwayandbreachthecrestofadam,thentheimpoundedfloodwaterswiI1…     

地震预测的数值方法

Until recently main attention was given to the quality methods of the earthquakeprediction.“Anomalies”were selected,which were then connected with known seismic eventsand the forecast was reduced to the detection of these“anomalies”.The new,permittingmathematical and geophysical techniques have appeared to formalize the process of forecastand to save subjective estimation.In the Institute of Seismology under MES RK suchactivities have led up to practical implementation.The new numerical…