Accounting for natural-climatic conditions in the design of roads in western Siberia

The paper proposes a methodological scheme that thoroughly accounts for natural-climatic conditions which can impair the stability and longevity of transport facilities (roadways), to ensure the best possible quality of the initial road design. Factors determining the formation of water-heating mode subgrade soils are allocated, and an information database for mathematical modeling of geocomplexes is shown. Values of strength and deformability of clay soils are calculated within the limits of the defined, homogeneous road districts in Western Siberia to provide the required level of reliability of design solutions.     

重庆老鼓楼衙署遗址鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)骨骼及其表面痕迹研究

中国考古中发现有弋射活动图像、弋射专用平头箭镞,但一直未发现弋射所获飞禽遗骸.近期,重庆老鼓楼衙署遗址(29°33′13″N,106°34′46″E)考古发掘中,首次出土了一批宋代时期的鸿雁骨骼和早期人类弋射痕迹.骨骼材料包括有胸骨、锁骨、肋骨、肱骨、尺骨、胫骨等,较多骨骼保存比较完整.骨骼测量数据包括:胸骨完整长度为145.2～ 148.8mm,肱骨完整长度为161.0mm,胫骨完整长度为144.0～ 147.0mm等.弋射,是中国先秦至宋元时期针对捕获飞禽而长期延续的专业射猎活动.通过对鸿雁骨骼表面进行显微观测分析,发现有些骨骼上保存有弋射用平头箭镞所造成的破损性孔洞.其破损特征为:箭镞入口处孔洞痕较小,痕迹边缘平滑,痕迹周缘局部呈现向内压入式破裂;箭镞出口处孔洞因受到撞击力放射性扩散,出口面积明显大于入口面积.从箭镞出口处观察,孔洞壁面因平头箭镞撞击,造成局部骨骼呈现碎屑性剥落,使洞壁形态为坡面状;部分碎屑因有骨质纤维与洞壁相连接,所以现在在洞壁坡面上,仍然可以观察到有部分保留的骨质碎屑.弋射用平头箭镞在鸿雁胸骨上留下的孔洞,其整体形态为人口小、出口大的“喇叭口状”.历史时期,鸿雁冬季广泛分布于长江流域避寒、觅食,夏季北迁至蒙古、俄罗斯西伯利亚南部地区栖息、繁殖,其规律性迁徙及集群性活动,成为中国古代先民生产活动中的重要环境参照,并也成为中国思想文化中的重要载体.鸿雁在很早就被人工驯化为中国鹅,成为中国重要的肉蛋家禽品种.重庆老鼓楼衙署遗址鸿雁骨骼的批量出现,是我国考古工作中第一次发现鸿雁骨骼.该批实物资料为分析和认识中国历史时期鸿雁分布范围、活动规律等提供了重要线索.     

Diamonds and Highly Reduced Minerals from Chromitite of the Ray-Iz Ophiolite of the Polar Urals: Deep Origin of Podiform Chromitites and Ophiolitic Diamonds

<正>The Uralide orogenic belt is a major early Paleozoic suture zone extending more than 3000 km in a N-S direction,and geographically divides Europe from Asia(Chemenda et al.,1997).Ophiolites,podiform chromitites and high pressure metamorphic rocks are well developed in the orogenic belt(Leech and Ernst,2000).The Ray-Iz     

Transition-Zone Mineral Assemblages in Peridotite Massifs, Tibet: Implications for Collision-zone Dynamics and Orogenic Peridotites

<正>Diamonds have been reported from Tibetan"ophiolites"for≥30 years,but have been widely dismissed as contaminants,because their unusual morphology and light C(δ~(13)C=-18 to–27)are unlike those of kimberlitic diamonds.However,the diamonds have now been found in situ in both the chromitites and the peridotites of     

Study of influence of terrain and climatic factors on groundwater-level fluctuation in a minor river basin using GIS

Terrain environment parameters play a vital role in controlling groundwater movement:its recharge and discharge me-chanisms.Many earlier studies have been conducted relating terrain parameters and groundwater condition using conventional me-thods and remote sensing techniques.This study,however,endeavors to spatially visualize the degree of fluctuation in the ground-water level of Ongur,a minor river basin in different terrain units under different seasons(monsoon and summer) for three histori-cal periods of time using Geographic Information System(GIS) raster analysis.     

Variations in total organic carbon and grain size distribution in ephemeral river sediments in western India

Total organic carbon(TOC) and grain size distribution(sand,silt,and clay) in the ephemeral Mahi River(western India) sediments were measured to look at their effectiveness in understanding the late Quaternary monsoon conditions.Four sites spread across the alluvial zone and three sites from the estuarine zone were sampled.TOC concentration in the sediments of the alluvial and estuarine zone sites ranged between 0.04 and 0.39%and 0.04 and 0.23%,respectively.It was observed that grain size differed significantly at the alluvial zone sites,whereas an uniform trend was found in the estuarine zone sites.The study indicated that low concentration of TOC and coarse size fractions(sand) in sediments were well correlated with available records of arid/weaker palaeomonsoon periods,whereas higher concentration of TOC and fine grain size fractions(silt + clay) in sediments were well correlated with available records of enhanced palaeomonsoon periods of the ephemeral Mahi River.Uniform concentrations of TOC and fine grain size particles in sediments at the estuarine zone sites are attributed to the backwater in the system,deeper sedimentation,and/or greater decomposition processes.It is concluded that,TOC and grain size distributions in the ephemeraL river sediments are simple and effective parameters to develop an understanding about late Quaternary monsoon conditions in ephemeral rivers.     

小孔径台阵远震信号检测的改进

对广义F检测（Selby,2008）可用于自动远震信号检测做了论述。该方法应用于为监测《全面禁止核试验条约》（CTBT）遵守情况而建立的国际监测系统（IMS）基本地震台网13个小孔径台阵10天的波形数据。结果表明广义F方法可用于小孔径台阵的信号检测,虽然相关噪声妨碍了原来的F检测在这种台阵中的有用性。通过把检测结果与《事件检查公报》（REB,由用于监测《全面禁止核试验条约》的国际数据中心IDC提供）预测的初至P型震相到时进行比较,表明广义F检测适合与国际数据中心所用的传统信号检测方法进行比较。尽管F所做检测的总数量大概是国际数据中心所做的一半,但F做了更多的候选关联检测。增加关联检测的比例能够提高公报自动构建的效率,减少分析者工作量。比传统方法更优的是F检测方法基于噪声和信号的概率理论和物理模型而解释简单,对待每个台阵同等和客观,不需要主观调整。对关联和不关联检测的慢度矢量分布的分析表明,F和国际数据中心的关联检测有相似分布,而非关联检测分布可能不同,在一些台阵国际数据中心非关联检测明显与相关噪声源关联。     

Pore water transport of enterococci out of beach sediments

Enterococci are used to evaluate the safety of beach waters and studies have identified beach sands as a source of these bacteria. In order to study and quantify the release of microbes from beach sediments, flow column systems were built to evaluate flow of pore water out of beach sediments. Results show a peak in enterococci (average of 10% of the total microbes in core) released from the sand core within one pore water volume followed by a marked decline to below detection. These results indicate that few enterococci are easily removed and that factors other than simple pore water flow control the release of the majority of enterococci within beach sediments. A significantly larger quantity and release of enterococci were observed in cores collected after a significant rain event suggesting the influx of fresh water can alter the release pattern as compared to cores with no antecedent rainfall.     

Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on liver function and sexual characteristics in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on liver function and their differences between sexes were analyzed in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to PCB126 or Kanechlor-400 (KC-400) using microarray. PCB exposure induced vitellogenin 1 expression in female medaka while suppressing choriogenin genes, which suggests that the effects of PCBs on estrogen-responsive genes do not occur directly through an estrogen receptor-mediated pathway. Reduction of androgen receptor alpha expression was also observed, and the gene expression pattern in PCB-exposed males changed to become more similar to that of females. Furthermore, changes in glycolysis-related genes indicate that PCB exposure might enhance glucose production via gluconeogenesis in the liver of medaka. Taken together, our results suggest that PCBs disrupt the endocrine system, especially androgen function, and may have the potential to cause demasculinizing effects. Additionally, induction of gluconeogenesis might be a response to maintain glucose levels consumed as a result of PCB exposures.     

Toothed whales in the northwestern Mediterranean: insight into their feeding ecology using chemical tracers

Risso’s dolphins, pilot whales and sperm whales rarely strand in the northwestern Mediterranean. Thus, their feeding ecology, through the analysis of stomach contents, is poorly known. The aim of this study was to gain further insight into the segregation/superposition of the diet and habitat of Risso’s dolphins, pilot whales and sperm whales using chemical tracers, namely, stable isotopes (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) and organochlorines. Significantly different δ¹⁵N values were obtained in Risso’s dolphins (11.7 ± 0.7‰), sperm whales (10.8 ± 0.3‰) and pilot whales (9.8 ± 0.3‰), revealing different trophic levels. These differences are presumably due to various proportions of Histioteuthidae cephalopods in each toothed whale’s diet. Similar δ¹³C contents between species indicated long-term habitat superposition or corroborated important seasonal migrations. Lower congener 180 concentrations (8.20 vs. 21.73 μg.g⁻¹ lw) and higher tDDT/tPCB ratios (0.93 vs. 0.42) were observed in sperm whales compared with Risso’s dolphins and may indicate wider migrations for the former. Therefore, competition between these species seems to depend on different trophic levels and migration patterns.