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241.
A possible mechanism of the ascent of material within the Earth’s crust and mantle is the mechanism of hydroextrusion, i.e.,
the effect of squeezing of material under excess pressure. The major factors that predetermine the high plasticity of the
material and its ability to produce hydroextrusions are high lithostatic pressures and temperatures. The phenomenon of hydroextrusion
can be most clearly illustrated by the example of the origin of salt diapirs. The driving force of hydroextrusions of material
in the crust and mantle is excess pressure, which can result from lateral differences between the densities of rocks (as is
the case during the development of salt diapirs) and phase transitions associated with a volume increase. When the material
of the upper mantle undergoes partial melting with the derivation of basaltic melts at depths of 60–100 km, excess pressures
reach 80 MPa, whereas the plasticity limit of 20% melted rocks is no higher than 5 MPa. As a result, the partially molten
material is forced from the melting region toward zones with lower lithostatic pressures. A local temperature increase in
the transitional zones in the Earth’s mantle at positive dP/dT values of the phase transitions also gives rise to excess pressures, whose values can range from 100 to 800 MPa at a 0.5–3.0%
volume change and which can be the driving force during the origin of mantle plumes.
Original Russian Text ? V.N. Anfilogov, Yu.V. Khachai, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 8, pp. 873–878. 相似文献
242.
P.L. Dharmapriya Sanjeewa P.K. Malaviarachchi Leo M. Kriegsman K. Sajeev Andrea Galli Y. Osanai N.D. Subasinghe C.B. Dissanayake 《地学前缘(英文版)》2017,8(5):1115-1133
Here we report the occurrence of garnet porphyroblasts that have overgrown alternating silica-saturated and silica deficient microdomains via different mineral reactions. The samples were collected from ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) metapelites in the Highland Complex, Sri Lanka. In some of the metapelites, garnet crystals have cores formed via a dehydration reaction, which had taken place at silica-saturated microdomains and mantle to rim areas formed via a dehydration reaction at silica-deficient microdomains. In contrast, some other garnets in the same rock cores had formed via a dehydration reaction which occurred at silica-deficient microdomains while mantle to rim areas formed via a dehydration reaction at silica-saturated microdomains. Based on the textural observations, we conclude that the studied garnets have grown across different effective bulk compositional microdomains during the prograde evolution. These microdomains could represent heterogeneous compositional layers (paleobedding/laminations) in the precursor sediments or differentiated crenulation cleavages that existed during prograde metamorphism. UHT metamorphism associated with strong ductile deformation, metamorphic differentiation and crystallization of locally produced melt may have obliterated the evidence for such microdomains in the matrix. The lack of significant compositional zoning in garnet probably due to self-diffusion during UHT metamorphism had left mineral inclusions as the sole evidence for earlier microdomains with contrasting chemistry. 相似文献
243.
Biogeochemical records of paleoenvironmental changes in Nainital Lake,Kumaun Himalayas,India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Preetam Choudhary Joyanto Routh Govind J. Chakrapani Bhishm Kumar 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2009,42(4):571-586
Rapid urbanization and increased tourism around Nainital Lake in the Kumaun Himalayan region in north India has raised concerns
about sediment and water pollution. Lead-210 dated sediment cores from the lake represent ~95 years of accumulation and yield
a mean sedimentation rate of ~4.7 mm year−1. Total organic carbon (TOC), percent N and S and their atomic C/N and C/S ratios, stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S), and specific biomarkers (n-alkanes and pigments) were measured in the core. Organic matter is primarily derived from in-lake algal production and TOC
flux varies from 1.0 to 3.5 g m−2 year−1. Sediments are anoxic (Eh −328 to −187 mV) and have low (0.10–0.30 g m−2 year−1) N, but high (0.37–1.0 g m−2 year−1) S flux. Shifts in δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S suggest in-lake microbial processes dominated by denitrification and sulfate reduction. The sediments are dominated by short-chain
hydrocarbons with low Carbon Preference Index values. The pigments indicate a gradual shift to cyanobacterial domination of
the phytoplankton community in recent years. Despite an increase in external input of nutrients, the trophic state of the
lake has remained largely unchanged, and the perceived human-induced impacts are limited. 相似文献
244.
N. V. Makarova V. M. Makeev T. V. Sukhanova P. S. Miklyaev A. L. Dorozhko I. V. Korobova 《Moscow University Geology Bulletin》2012,67(4):209-217
The neotectonic structures of the Lower Oka (Nizhneokskii) Region formed under different geodynamic conditions. This is attested by the morphology, orientation, internal structure, and jointing of the structures. The Oka-Tsna arc formed under the effect of tension from an inner source on the one hand and stress from the Alpian belt on the other hand. The latitudinally-oriented structures of the northwestern slope of the Tokmovo arc emerged as a result of uplift and widening. Both types of structure are combined within the limits of the Oka-Murom trough, which is a geodynamically active zone. 相似文献
245.
The effect of ions on whistler dispersion characteristics has been studied. It is shown that the significant changes in the dispersion characteristics of low-latitude whistlers are brought about by the presence of ions. The dispersions for Nainital (geomagnetic lat. 19°1'N) and Gulmarg (geomagnetic lat. 24°10'N) are found to peak around 800 Hz. The short whistler sonograms recorded at Nainital and Gulmarg have been analysed, using the complete dispersion equation and the effect of ions has been shown. At higher frequencies the dispersion is found to decrease steadily and becomes independent of ions. Some examples of short whistlers have been found whose characteristics do not conform to the general trend of low-latitude whistlers, and, on the other hand, these whistlers show a constant dispersion unaffected by ions up to a fairly low frequency and thereafter decrease sharply at lower frequencies. 相似文献
246.
247.
Stress Responses to Rapid Temperature Changes of the Juvenile Sea Cucumber (Apostichopusjaponicus Selenka) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
DONG Yunwei JI Tingting DONG Shuanglin 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2007,6(3):275-280
Activities of hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and Hsp70 level were measured to evaluate the response of the commercially important sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus Selenka) to rapid temperature changes in laboratory. Animals were subjected to a higher temperature (from 10 to 20℃) (Tinc treatment) or to a lower temperature (from 20 to 10℃) (Tddec treatment) for 72 h. At 1, 3, 12, 24, 72 h of exposure, animals were removed and prepared for further analysis. Results showed that the effect of acute temperature changes on enzyme activities was significant. In Tinc treatment, activities of SOD and CAT increased immediately. The significant enhancement of SOD and CAT activities suggested that oxidative stress increases significantly when ambient temperature increasing from 10 to 20℃. The up-regulation of Flsp70 in Tinc and Tdec treatments indicated that Hsp70 was a bioindicator of thermal stress in the sea cucumber, and the expression pattern depended on the thermal treatment. 相似文献
248.
We present the second part of the results of our work to investigate the atmospheric parameters and chemical composition of
southern-hemisphere Cepheids obtained by analyzing 24 spectra for eight bright Cepheids and three semiregular bright supergiants
taken with the 1.9-m telescope of the South African Astronomical Observatory. The chemical composition and atmospheric parameters
have been determined for S Cru, AP Pup, AX Cir, S TrA, T Cru, R Mus, S Mus, U Car, V382 Car, HD 75276, and R Pup. 相似文献
249.
Janice Brahney John J. Clague Brian Menounos Thomas W. D. Edwards 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,40(1):489-505
The level of Kluane Lake in southwest Yukon Territory, Canada, has fluctuated tens of metres during the late Holocene. Contributions
of sediment from different watersheds in the basin over the past 5,000 years were inferred from the elemental geochemistry
of Kluane Lake sediment cores. Elements associated with organic material and oxyhydroxides were used to reconstruct redox
fluctuations in the hypolimnion of the lake. The data reveal complex relationships between climate and river discharge during
the late Holocene. A period of influx of Duke River sediment coincides with a relatively warm climate around 1,300 years BP.
Discharge of Slims River into Kluane Lake occurred when Kaskawulsh Glacier advanced to the present drainage divide separating
flow to the Pacific Ocean via Kaskawulsh and Alsek rivers from flow to Bering Sea via tributaries of Yukon River. During periods
when neither Duke nor Slims river discharged into Kluane Lake, the level of the lake was low and stable thermal stratification
developed, with anoxic and eventually euxinic conditions in the hypolimnion. 相似文献
250.
Spectrum–Röntgen–Gamma (SRG) is a space observatory designed to observe astrophysical objects in the X-ray range of the electromagnetic spectrum. SRG is planned to be launched in 2019 by a Proton-M launch vehicle with a DM3 upper stage. The spacecraft will be delivered to an orbit around the Sun–Earth collinear libration point L2 located at a distance of ~1.5 million km from the Earth. Although the SRG launch scheme has already been determined at present, in this paper we consider an alternative spacecraft transfer scenario using a lunar gravity-assist maneuver. The proposed scenario allows a oneimpulse transfer from a low Earth orbit to a small-amplitude orbit around the libration point to be performed while fulfilling the technical constraints and the scientific requirements of the mission. 相似文献